Exam2Lec1TheHumanMicrobiome

Question 1

There are more than ______ species and more than ____ individual bacteria in the gut microbiome.

Answer 1

1,000, 1 trillion

Question 2

Where does the microbiome have the greatest diversity and numbers?

Answer 2

GI tract

Question 3

Where is our microbiome?

Answer 3

nares, oral, skin, GU, GI

Question 4

True or False: The bacteria in the GI tract can determine health of the body?

Answer 4

True

Question 5

How many pounds of microbes do we have in the body?

Answer 5

2-3

Question 6

Ones signature microbiome can ultimately affect what 4 main things?

Answer 6

weight, behavior, development, and health

Question 7

What is the difference between microbiome and microbiota?

Answer 7

Microbiome is the ecological community that shares out body. Microbiota (microflora) is the microbes that make up the microbiome

Question 8

What are some examples of microbiota?

Answer 8

Bacteria, bacteriophages, viruses, fungi

Question 9

What is dysbiosis?

Answer 9

Alteration of the relative abundance of all or part of the microbiota

Question 10

What is the main cause of dysbiosis and why is it a problem>

Answer 10

Antibiotics and its a problem because its not specific so it kills other good bacteria in the gut

Question 11

What are prebiotics?

Answer 11

Substances that induce the growth or activity of the bacteria in the microbiome (plant derived carbohydrates)

Question 12

Prebiotics can be compared to which analogy?

Answer 12

food or fertilizer for beneficial microbes

Question 13

What are probiotics?

Answer 13

Microorganisms that are believed to have health benefits when consumed (bacterial cultures)

Question 14

Can supplements have both pre and pro biotics?

Answer 14

Yes

Question 15

What does commensal mean?

Answer 15

microbes that are permanent residents of a given non-sterile body site (normal flora, microflora)

Question 16

What is a pathogen?

Answer 16

Microbe that is capable of causing disease (ex: cholera)

Question 17

What are opportunistic pathogens?

Answer 17

usually do not cause disease in healthy immunocompetent individuals but can cause disease i immunocompromised individuals (may be normal flora)

Question 18

What is the immune system shaped by?

Answer 18

Early life exposures to microbial life

Question 19

Direct contact of bacterial cells necessary for _____, _____, and _____ of the immune system

Answer 19

development, regulation, response

Question 20

Bacteria produce ___ ___ that can affect levels of serotonin such as _____ and other transmitters

Answer 20

amino acids, tryptophan

Question 21

Commensals contain ____ _____ enzymes that are not present in the human genome

Answer 21

polysaccharide digesting

Question 22

Dietary polysaccharides are degraded in the ____ by bacteria

Answer 22

gut

Question 23

Commensals inhibit ____ and ____ of pathogens

Answer 23

growth, penetration

Question 24

Commensals make ____ that we cannot create, so bacteria creates it.

Answer 24

vitamins

Question 25

What does it mean that commensals tolerize the immune system?

Answer 25

They keep it in a ready state

Question 26

What are some diseases that the gut microbiome can contribute to?

Answer 26

obesity, autoimmune disease, allergy, asd, depression, anxiety, gi disease, heart disease, infection

Question 27

What are 4 ways describes where the microbiome comes from?

Answer 27

Intrauterine exposure (placenta) Birth canal (no exposure in C-section) Orally by breast milk Skin to skin contact By age 2 you have > 3000 different taxonomic groups (bacteria)

Question 28

For every cell in your body, there are how many bacterial cells?

Answer 28

10-100

Question 29

Your microbiome consists of what 4 things?

Answer 29

bacteria, eukaryotic cells, endogenous viruses, and bacteriophage

Question 30

Is Clostridia a good or bad bacteria?

Answer 30

Good vs bad is not black and white, some are beneficial, but it can also cause tetanus, cdiff, bostrulism

Question 31

Is you microbiome intert?

Answer 31

No

Question 32

What are three ways that the microbiome can be disturbed?

Answer 32

1. Infection with aggressive rapid growing pathogens (e. coli, salmonella, etc) 2. Antibiotic treatment (common cause of dysbiosis) 3.Diet changes

Question 33

Clostridium difficile (Cdiff) is what type of bacillus

Answer 33

anaerobic spore forming (its a survivalist and antibiotic resistant)

Question 34

How can cdiff be transmitted?

Answer 34

normal flora (5% of people) fecal-oral through contaminated environment hands of health care professionals (hospitals)

Question 35

What is the pathology of clostridium difficile-associated disease (CDAD)

Answer 35

pseudimembranous colitis, toxic megacolon, sepsis, and death

Question 36

What are three antibiotics that will promote cdiff?

Answer 36

clindamycin, penicillin, cephalosporin

Question 37

A patient was in the hospital 3 weeks ago and received antibiotic treatment. Why is this relevant?

Answer 37

This is relevant because the antibiotics killed off some normal flora, an overgrowth of c diff occurs, toxin is produced and caused diarrhea, and in some cases pseudomembranous colitis (dead tissue clog up of GI tract)

Question 38

Which one of the following is the most effective way to treat antibiotics associated colitis? A. alternate antibiotics B. fecal transplant C. probiotics D. rehydration E. yogurt

Answer 38

B

Question 39

In lean bodies do you have good or bad bacteria and poor converters or efficient converters

Answer 39

Good bacteria and poor converters

Question 40

In obese bodies do you have good or bad bacteria and poor converters or efficient converters

Answer 40

Bad bacteria and efficient converters

Question 41

Gut microbiota is disturbed in obese people and can be transferred through

Answer 41

fecal transplants

Question 42

Which of the following microbes is likely to predominate in the microbiome from an obese person? A.Yeast B.Bacterium, good energy harvester C. Pathogenic bacterium D. Bacterium, poor energy harvester

Answer 42

B

Question 43

Human metabolism equal what plus what?

Answer 43

microbial+ human

Question 44

What should you know about SCFA (short chain fatty acids)?

Answer 44

They are bacterial products that message through the g protein structures, and does energy balance, and prevent inflammation if this does not happen, diseases occur

Question 45

What can "leak" out of the gut, in leaky gut syndrome

Answer 45

toxins, microbes, metabolites, medications, undigested food

Question 46

What is leaky gut syndrome?

Answer 46

Damage to intestinal wall mediated by diet infection and drugs results in escape of toxins, microbes and undigested food

Question 47

For leaky gut it is thought to be the cause of several diseases such as

Answer 47

diabetes, lupus, multiple sclerosis, migraines, autism,

Question 48

In the research presented towards the end of this lecture it was found that by altering normal flora, mice exhibited altered

Answer 48

neurological behavior

Question 49

True or false autism patients often have GI symptoms

Answer 49

True

Question 50

Clinical improvements has been reported in ASD patients who

Answer 50

developed fever, given antibiotics, ingest probiotics

Question 51

The gut microbione, the gut, and the brains has ______ communication channels

Answer 51

bidirectional (reversible/2 way street)

Question 52

Autism spectrum disorders 2014 incidence is

Answer 52

1 in 68

Question 53

Regulation of the microbiota-brain-gut axis is essential for maintaining

Answer 53

homeostasis, including that of the CNS

Question 54

Women who suffer from high prolonged fever during pregnancy are up to ______ times more likely to have a child with____

Answer 54

seven, autism

Question 55

____ to ____ percent of all children with autsim suffer from gastrointestinal sympotoms

Answer 55

40, 90

Question 56

There is study of _____ drug that reverses symptoms of GI related symptoms of people with autism

Answer 56

vancomycin

Question 57

The microbiome can be modulated by

Answer 57

antibiotics diet probiotics Genetically modified probiotics, vaccines/gene therapeutics

Question 58

The hypothesis linking microbiome and autism includes:

Answer 58

1. balance between inflammatory bacteria and anti-inflammatory bacteria is destabilized. 2. Imbalance results in increased gut permeability ('Leaky gut" 3. Bacterial toxins and cytokines released into blood 4. Brain inflammation 5. Autism develops

Question 59

Commensals are essentially what?

Answer 59

good bacteria

Question 60

Clostridia is a potentially harmful or beneficial bacteria?

Answer 60

Harmful

Question 61

Lactobaccillus is potentially harmful or beneficial bacteria?

Answer 61

beneficial

Question 62

What are 7 functions of commensals?

Answer 62

1. development, regulation, and response of IS 2. inhibit growth and penetration pathogens 3. Produce key metabolites 4. Produce key vitamins 5. Bacterial "metabolic rates" can affect weight 6. Produce amino acids (tryptophan) 7. contain polysaccharide-digesting enzymes

Question 63

The gut microbiome can be comprised of how many different species of microbes? A. >1,000 B. >100,000 C. >1M D. >1T

Answer 63

a

Question 64

Varying early-life exposures (to bacteria) from person-to-person leads to differing microbiome composition amongst individuals. This is classified as what? A. Eubiosis B. Commensalism C. Dysbiosis D. Enterotype

Answer 64

d

Question 65

Which of the following best exemplifies a function of commensals within the gut microbiome? A. Degradation of dietary polysaccharides B. Production of neurotransmitters C. Both of the above D. None of the above

Answer 65

c

Question 66

Normal microbiota are known to synthesize metabolites which can lead to energy balance and reduced inflammation. Which of the following is an example of said substrate? A. SCFA B. Cytokines C. BDNF D. Gpr43

Answer 66

a

Question 67

Dysregulation of the microbiota-brain-gut axis can lead to which of the following conditions? A. Multiple Sclerosis B. Autism C. Diabetes D. Lupus

Answer 67

b