exam2

Question 1

Members of the ____ genus have a prominent capsule that causes mucoid colonies and enhanced virulence in vivo

Answer 1

Klebsiella

Question 2

most commonly isolated members of Klebsiella are

Answer 2

pneumoniae and oxytoca

Question 3

Klebsiella pneumoniae and oxytoca can cause

Answer 3

lobar pneumonia (community or hospital-acquired); wound and soft tissue infections and UTIs

Question 4

lobar pneumonia involves

Answer 4

Necrotic destruction of alveolar spaces, cavitation, production of blood-tinged sputum

Question 5

Klebsiella granulomatis causes

Answer 5

granuloma inguinale

Question 6

Klebsiella granulomatis transmitted by

Answer 6

repeated exposure through sexual intercourse or nonsexual trauma to genitalia

Question 7

nodules subsequently breakdown, revealing granulomatous lesions that can extend and coalesce into ulcers resembling _____

Answer 7

sphylitic lesions

Question 8

_____ causes a granulomatous disease of the nose

Answer 8

Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis

Question 9

____ causes chronic atrophic rhinitis

Answer 9

Klebsiella ozaenae

Question 10

primary causes infection of urinary tract including bladder and kidney infection

Answer 10

Proteus mirabilis

Question 11

Proteus mirabilis produces large quantities of ____, which turns urea into carbon dioxide and ammonia

Answer 11

urease

Question 12

increases the pH of urine, which leads to precipitation of magnesium and calcium and results in ____

Answer 12

kidney stones

Question 13

Proteus species often display ______ on agar plates

Answer 13

swarming motility

Question 14

____ can colonize virtually any body site and are a significant source of morbidity and mortality; infections are linked to surgical wounds and patients who stay in ICUs

Answer 14

Enterobacter

Question 15

____ has a predilection for causing meningitis and brain abscesses in neonates and other members of the genus are also common causes of UTI

Answer 15

Citrobacter koseri

Question 16

___ may infect many different body sites but is particularly known for causing UTIs and wound infections, particularly in postoperative patients

Answer 16

Morganella

Question 17

___ tends to colonize urinary and respiratory tracts, but can cause infections to soft tissues and wounds. Most outbreaks are linked to contaminated hospital equipment

Answer 17

Serratia

Question 18

commercial immunoassays or molecular probes used to detect _____ proteins or _____ directly

Answer 18

shiga toxin proteins or shiga toxin genes

Question 19

cold enrichment may be used for ____

Answer 19

Yersinia enterocolitica

Question 20

increased resistance to penicillins and cephalosporins is mediated by _____

Answer 20

extended-spectrum B-lactamases (ESBLs)

Question 21

non-lactose fermenter, produce H2S

Answer 21

Salmonella

Question 22

most clinically important isolates are from the single species Salmonella ____

Answer 22

enterica

Question 23

membrane surrounding internal organs; this membrane that connects the intestines to the abdominal wall is called

Answer 23

mesentery

Question 24

route of particles through digestive system

Answer 24

stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, out

Question 25

intestinal absorptive cell; epithelial cell lining the gut from the small intestine to the colon

Answer 25

enterocyte

Question 26

small lymph follicles beneth the gut eptithelium that interact with antigens in the gut

Answer 26

Peyer's patch

Question 27

Cells in the ____, trap foreign particles, surveille them, and destroy invaders by stimulating an immune response

Answer 27

Peyer's patch

Question 28

what kind of cells do Peyer's patch have?

Answer 28

macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells, and T cells

Question 29

when b cell and t cells become activated by a foreign antigen, they travel to the _____ to activate an immune response

Answer 29

mesenteric lymph nodes

Question 30

specialized cells in epithelium above Peyer's patches that take up antigens from the gut lumen and present them to immune cells within Peyer's patches

Answer 30

M cell

Question 31

most enterocolitic E.coli infections involve cells attaching to and secreting virulence factors into typical absorptive enterocyte in the small intestine

Answer 31

ETEC, EPEC, EAEC

Question 32

most enterocolitic E.coli infections involve cells attaching to and secreting virulence factors into typical absorptive enterocyte in the colon

Answer 32

STEC, EIEC

Question 33

Yersinia enterocolitica cells can cross the gut epithelium either through M cells or

Answer 33

enterocytes

Question 34

Enterocolitis caused by Yersinia involves the ____, and the mesenteric lymph nodes

Answer 34

terminal ileum

Question 35

which cells do not directly invade enterocytes from the gut lumen?

Answer 35

Shigella

Question 36

which cells attach to and invade M cells to cross the epithelium before invading enterocyte from the basolateral side

Answer 36

Shigella

Question 37

The major pathway of Salmonella

Answer 37

invasion is by endocytosis by M cells; M cells then 'pass' the bacteria to macrophage in the Peyer's patch

Question 38

second pathway of Salmonella

Answer 38

bacteria enter enterocytes by endocytosis

Question 39

third pathway of Salmonella

Answer 39

bacteria are directly taken up in the lumen via phagocytosis by dendritic cells that extend projections across the epithelium

Question 40

Salmonella cells tolerate the acidity of phagocytic vesicles and replicate within the ____

Answer 40

phagosome

Question 41

encodes Samonella-secreted invasion protein (Ssp) genes and T3SS I that injects proteins into host cell

Answer 41

Pathogenicity island I (PAI I)

Question 42

encodes genes allowing evasion of host immune response and T3SS II for this function

Answer 42

Pathogenicity island II (PAI II)

Question 43

Salmonella stimulates ___ production, resulting in fluid release into gut. which causes

Answer 43

cAMP; diarrhea

Question 44

transported by macrophage to the liver, spleen, and bone marrow and replicate; leading to the development of enteric fever.

Answer 44

typhoid strains

Question 45

typhoid vs non typhoid. survive in gall bladder, which is a source of asymptomatic and chronic carriage

Answer 45

typhoid stains

Question 46

most common form of salmonellosis in U.S.

Answer 46

gastroenteritis

Question 47

nausea, vomiting, non-bloody diarrhea, fever, myalgia, abdominal cramps, headaches are symptoms of

Answer 47

salmonellosis gasteroenteritis

Question 48

septicemia mostly seen with

Answer 48

Salmonella typhi, paratyphi, choleraesuis

Question 49

chronic colonization of gall bladder for more than 1 year after symptoms subside (1%-5% of Typhi and paratyphi patients)

Answer 49

Asymptomatic colonization

Question 50

Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine is for

Answer 50

Salmonella typhi

Question 51

Shigella cells lyse the phagocytic vesicle and replicate within the host cell ____

Answer 51

cytoplasm

Question 52

shigella induction of apoptosis in phagocytes leads to the release of ____, which attracts ____ to the site of infection

Answer 52

IL-1B; polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs)

Question 53

Shigellosis transmitted by

Answer 53

person-to-person via fecal-oral route

Question 54

lower abdominal cramps, tenesmus (straining to defecate), with abundant pus and blood in the stool are the characteristic features of

Answer 54

shigellosis