Exam1 Flashcards
What are the 4 subfields of anthropology?
cultural, linguistics, archaeology, and physical
What did Lyell contribute?
principles of geology, uniformtarianism (earth’s features result of ongoing long term processes)
What did Darwin contribute?
evolution n shit
What did Cuvier contribute?
catastrophism (earth’s features are a result of a series of disasters and extinctions)
What did Linnaeus contribute?
created a system to classify all living organisms
What did Wallace contribute?
sent darwin paper, similar views on natural selection and competition to Darwin
What did Malthus contribute?
An Essay on the Principle of Population (warning on overpopulation), biological variation exists in all species, all capable of producing more offspring than resources, population remains stable over time)
What did Lamarck contribute?
believed evolution could occur in a lifetime then transmitted to offspring (false)
What did Mendel contribute?
pea pods, mechanisms of inheritance
What is co-dominance?
expression of 2 alleles in which neither is dominant/recessive. both influence phenotype
What is a sex-linked trait?
traits controlled by genes located on the x or y chromosome
What is polygenism?
traits controlled by alleles at 2 or more loci
What is pleiotropy?
single gene influences several traits
What is Mendels First Law?
Law of Segregation: genes occur in pairs, each parents gives one trait
What gender is the square on a Pedigree?
males
What is genetic drift?
evolutionary changes (changes in the allele frequency) produced by random factors in small populations
What is gene flow?
exchange of genes between populations
What is a mutation?
change in DNA
What is natural selection?
genetic change or changes in the frequencies of certain traits in populations due to differential reproductive success between individuals
What is balanced polymorphism?
A system of genes in which two alleles are maintained in stable equilibrium because the heterozygote is more fit than either of the homozygotes.
Describe the evolution of sickle cell anemia
Effects: severe hemoglobin disorder in which red blood cells collapse from lack of oxygen
Results from inheriting 2 copies of a mutant allele originating from a point mutation
Describe the evolution of skin color
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What is convergent evolution?
the appearance of apparently similar structures in organisms of different lines of descent
What is parallel evolution?
the development of a similar trait in related, but distinct, species descending from the same ancestor, but from different clades.
What is analogy?
similarities between organisms based on common function, ex: birds and butterflies evolved separately but both have wings
What is homology?
similarities between organisms based on a descent from a common ancestor
What is the Founder’s Effect?
type of genetic drift in which allele frequencies are altered in small populations that are taken from larger populations or are remnants of the latter (small group moves off and isolates)
What is DNA?
double stranded molecule that contains the genetic code
What is mRNA?
form of RNA that’s assembled on a sequence of DNA bases, carries DNA code to the ribosome during protein synthesis
What is tRNA?
type of RNA that binds to specific amino acids and transports them to the ribosome during protein sythesis
What is transcription?
transfer of genetic information from the base sequence of DNA to the base sequence of RNA, mediated by RNA synthesis
What is transferal?
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What is translation?
conversion of information encoded in the nucleotide sequence of an mRNA molecule into the linear sequence of amino acids in a protein
What is an amino acid?
small molecules that are components of proteins
What is redundancy?
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What is a codon?
3-pack of mRNA bases that code for specific amino acids during protein synthesis
What is cytogenetics?
the branch of genetics that studies the organization and arrangement of gens and chromosomes with microscopy
What is a chromosome?
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What is a locus?
position on a chromosome where a given gene occurs
What is a karyotype?
chromosomes of an individual viewed microscopically in a photograph
What is mitosis?
process by which somatic cells divide to produce 2 identical daughter cells
What is meiosis?
cell division in ovaries and testes involving 2 divisions. Results in 4 daughter cells containing half the original amount of chromosomes. can develop into gametes
What are gametes?
reproductive cells developed from precursor cells in ovaries and testes
What is recombination?
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What is random assortment?
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What is aneuploidy?
having a chromosome number not a multiple of a haploid number
What is non-disjunction?
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What is a zygote?
cell formed by combining sperm and egg, fertelized egg
What is a haploid?
cells with one set of chromosomes (23)
What is a diploid?
Cells with two copies of each chromosome (46)
What is translocation?
a chromosomal abnormality caused by rearrangement of parts between non-homologous chromosomes
What is deletion?
a mutation in which part of a chromosome or sequence of DNA is missing
What is duplication?
any duplication of a region of DNA that contains a gene
What is inversion?
segment of chromosome undergoes breakage and rearrangement within itself
What is microevolution?
small changes occurring within a species, such as changes in allele frequencies
What is macroevolution?
changes produced only after many generations, such as appearance of new species
What is speciation?
process by which a new species evolves from an earlier species
What is a species?
group of organisms that can interbreed, cannot mate with other species to produce fertile offspring
What is anagenesis?
is the evolution of species involving an entire population
What is cladogenesis?
evolutionary change by the branching off of new species from common ancestral types.
What are causes of speciation?
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What are ancestral traits?
refers to traits inherited by a group of organisms from the same ancestor,
What are derived traits?
refers to traits modified from the ancestral condition and thus diagnostic of particular evolutionary lineages
What is phyletic gradualism?
a model of evolution which theorizes that most speciation is slow, uniform and gradual
What is punctuated equilibrium?
The theory that speciation occurs in spurts of major genetic alterations that punctuate long periods of little change.
What is Mendel’s 2nd Law?
Law of Independent Assortment: genes controlling different traits are inherited independently of one another ex: height doesn’t affect pea color
What is discordance?
the non-agreement in the distribution of genetic traits (different traits have different distributions)
Has the concept of race changed in the last 250 years?
No
Do humans have different races?
No, the appearance of biological races in human populations in the US are the result of non-random migrations
