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Neuroanatomy > Exam VII > Flashcards

Exam VII Flashcards

1
Q

What comprises the telencephalon?

A

cerebral cortex, subcortical white matter, basal ganglia

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2
Q

Lobes in each cortex

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, temoral, insula, & “limbic”

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3
Q

Layers of the cerebral cortex

A

molecular, external granule, external pyramidal, internal granule, internal pyramidal, multiform

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4
Q

Supragranular layer

A

layers 1-4, primarily receive sensory information. Layers 1-3 non-specific, layer 4 = specific

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5
Q

Layers 5 & 3 of cerebral cortex contain…

A

cell bodies of motor neurons (pyramidal neurons) whose axons constitute the corticospinal, corticobulbar and corticopontine tracts.

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6
Q

Major sulci/fissures

A

lateral sylvian fissure, central sulcus, interhemispheric (longitudinal) fissure, transverse cerebral fissure.

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7
Q

Frontal lobe sulci

A

precentral (anterior to precentral gyrus), superior (superior frontal gyrus from middle frontal gyrus), inferior (middle frontal from inferior frontal gyrus)

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8
Q

Frontal lobe gyri/areas

A

pre-central gyrus, anterior aspect of paracentral lobule (brodmann area 4) = primary motor area

premotor area (Brodman area 6) = directs the primary motor area in execution of skilled motor activities

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9
Q

Primary motor area

A

Frontal lobe. Origin of corticospinal, corticobulbar, & corticopontine neurons which innervate SC, BS & pontine nuclei LMN’s

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10
Q

Premotor area

A

Frontal lobe. directs movement and planning of movements.

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11
Q

Supplementary motor area

A

involved in planning and initiation of movement

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12
Q

Broca’s motor speech area

A

(Frontal lobe # 44/45) 95% in left hemisphere Lesion = expressive aphasia (non-fluent aphasia)

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13
Q

Frontal eye field

A

Frontal lobe. posterior medial frontal gyrus, causes voluntary conjugate CL eye movements.

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14
Q

Cortical control of voluntary horizontal gaze�

A

Frontal eye fields –> axons cross brainstem & innervate CL abducens neurons, lateral rectus and internuclear neurons (MLF –> CL medial rectus). Right frontal eye field causes eyes to rotate to the left.

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15
Q

Lesion to frontal eye fiels

A

Deviation of eyes ipsilateral to lesion d/t opposite pathway’s tonic input still being intact

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16
Q

Frontal lobe: Brodmans areas 9. 10. 11. 12

A

judgement, rational thinking, projection into the future, social behavior and motivation.

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17
Q

What is located in the inferior surface of the frontal lobe?

A

oribital gyrus, and gyrus rectus: personality, emotions, and behavior.

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18
Q

Sulci of the Parietal lobe

A

post central (posterior to post-central gyrus), interparietal (separates the supraparietal lobule from the infraparietal lobule)

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19
Q

Areas of parietal lobe

A

Superior parietal lobule, Inferior parietal lobule, precuneus, paracental lobule, post-central gyrus

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20
Q

Superior parietal lobule

A

Brodmann areas 5,7: sensory associational cortex.

Astereoagnosis - w/o 3D knowledge

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21
Q

Inferior parietal lobule

A

supramarginal (40) and angular (39) gyri: interpretation of written and spoken language

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22
Q

Supramarginal gyrus

A

integrates kinesthetic memories with auditory commands. Lesion = ideomotor apraxia

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23
Q

Angular gyrus

A

integrates visual, auditory, & tactile information. Damage = inability to read and write (alexia/agraphia)

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24
Q

Precuneus

A

medial surface, sensory associational area.

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25
Q

Paracentral lobule (posterior region)

A

Part of primary sensory cortex, receives sensory input from most of the CL LE.

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26
Q

Postcentral gyrus

A

Brodmans areas 3,1, & 2. 1st somesthetic area (primary sensory cortex). Identifies the location of stimulus and the size and shape of objects.

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27
Q

Homunculus

A

map of the body determined by recording responses from awake individuals during surgery in which different areas are electrically stimulated, & stimulating areas in the body and recording from the cortex.

28
Q

Sulci of the temporal lobe

A

Superior (separates the superior temporal gyrus from middle temporal gyrus) and inferior (separates the middle temporal gyrus from the inferior temporal gyrus)

29
Q

Areas/gyri of temporal lobe

A

superior temporal gyrus, inferior surface of temporal lobe

30
Q

Superior temporal gyrus

A

primary auditory area on superior surface (41/42), auditory associational area i.e. Wernickes area (22)

31
Q

Lesion to Wernickes area

A

receptive aphasia (auditoru agnosia or FLUENT aphasia)

32
Q

Inferior surface of temporal lobe

A

occipitotemporal gyrus (visual association), parahippocampal gyrus/uncus (limbic system)

33
Q

Functions of the sense of smell

A

increase enjoyment and desire for food, increases awareness of potentially harmful substance,s, communication (pheromones)

34
Q

What can anosmia and hyposmia be caused by?

A

nasal congestion, degeneration of olfactory epithelium from chronic exposure to toxic odorants, head trauma which damages axons of olfactory neurons as they travel through the cribriform plate, tumors in the anterior cranial fossa (may be initial symptom)
Seizures originating near the uncus may be preceded by the perception of unpleasant odors (uncinate seizures)

Decreased sense of smell –> malnutrition –> decreased energy for therapy

35
Q

Insular lobe (island of Reil)

A

posterior wall of lateral sylvian fissure. Involved with localization of pain, though to provide emotionally relevant context to sensory experiences.

36
Q

Occipital lobe sulci

A

parieto-occipital, calcarine

37
Q

Occipital lobe gyri

A

cuneus gyrus, lingual gyrus, brodmann area 17, brodmann area 18 & 19

38
Q

Cuneus gyrus

A

Occipital lobe: Right sees inferior L visual field

39
Q

Lingual gyrus

A

Occipital lobe: R sees superior L visual field

40
Q

Brodmann area # 17

A

primary visual cortex - located in the walls of the calcarine sulcus & adjacent areas of cuneus & lingual gyri

41
Q

Brodmann areas 18 & 19

A

Visual association

42
Q

Optic nerve pathway

A

receptors –> bipolar cells –> ganglion cells –> optic nerve –> optic chiasm –> optic tract –> lateral geniculate nucleus –> pretectal area/superior colliculus –> occipital cortex (cuneus and lingual gyri)

43
Q

Common eye disorders

A

monocular blindness, bitemporal hemianopsia, homonymous hemianopsia, macular degeneration, cataracts, papilledema, glaucoma

44
Q

pathway for left visual field

A

located in the walls of the calcarine sulcus & adjacent areas of cuneus & lingual gyri
R temporal retina → optic nerve to R optic tract → R lateral geniculate nucleus → R cuneus/lingual gyri

45
Q

Lesions in visual field

A

Monocular blindness, bitemporal hemoanopsia (tunnel vision) (optic chiasm lesion), Homonymous hemianopsia (optic tract lesion)

46
Q

Homonymous hemianopsia

A

right homonymous hemianopsia = loss of rt visual field

47
Q

Macular Degeneration

A

degeneration of centrally located photoreceptros, loss of central vision with increasing difficulty with reading, watching TV or recognizing faces

48
Q

Cataracts

A

deterioration of the lens, gradual loss of vision with central vision lost first. Difficulty reading, needs to turn head often to locate items in the environment

49
Q

Papilledema

A

papilla in the termination of the subarachnoid space at the beginning of the optic nerve, increased subarachnoid pressure can cause swelling in the optic disc

50
Q

Glaucoma

A

increased intraocular pressure which can compress and cause degeneration of the retina –> blindness

51
Q

Sympathetic innervation to the eye

A

pupilalary dilator muscles in the iris, muellers muscle in the upper eyelid, damaged in Horner’s syndrome

52
Q

What makes a hemisphere “dominant”

A

the hemisphere with language comprehension and production. left in 95% R handed and 75% left handed people

53
Q

Left hemisphere function

A 
Handwriting
Calculation
Intelligence
Rationalization
Language comprehension
Articulation
54
Q

Right hemisphere function

A 
Drawing/artistic skills
Recognition of faces
Intuition
Gestures
Spatial awareness and shapes of objects
55
Q

Upper motor neuron

A

All the neurons that lead to innervation of the alpha and gamma motor neurons

56
Q

UMN lesion

A

CVA, MS, AMLS, Tumors, TBI, SCI

57
Q

Signs/Sx of UMN lesion

A

Spasticity, myoplasticity, hyperreflexia, no/minimal muscle atrophy, fibrillations, (+) babinski (corticospinal tract dysfunction)

58
Q

Spasticity

A

NM overactivity d/t: hyperreflexia - reduced higher level inhibitory control, increased sensitivity to muscle stretch reflex. & UMN hyperactivity of reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts, clasped knife phenomena

59
Q

Myoplasticity

A

adaptive muscular changes that occur in UMN diseases and in normally innervated but immobilized joints - increased # of weak actin/myosin bonds, selective atrophy of type I & II fibers, contracture

60
Q

Modified Ashworth Scale: 0

A

no increase in tone -This scale does not differentiate between spasticity and contracture

61
Q

Modified Ashworth Scale: 1

A

Slight increase tone with minimal resistance at end ROM

62
Q

Modified Ashworth Scale: 1+

A

Slight increase tone with minimal resistance less than half of ROM

63
Q

Modified Ashworth Scale: 2

A

More marked increase tone through most ROM; affected part easily moved

64
Q

Modified Ashworth Scale: 3

A

Considerable increase tone; PROM difficult throughout ROM

65
Q

Modified Ashworth Scale: 4

A

Rigid in flexion and extension

Neuroanatomy (9 decks)

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