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Neuroanatomy > Cerebellum > Flashcards

Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

Layers of the cerebellum

A

Cerebellar cortex, cerebellar white matter, deep cerebellar nuclei

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2
Q

Layers of the cerebellar cortex

A

Molecular, purkinje, granule

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3
Q

What’s important about the purkinje cell layer of the cerebellar cortex?

A

It is the only OUTPUT FROM the cerebellar cortex

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4
Q

What’s important about the granule cell layer of the cerebellar cortex?

A

It contains the only excitatory cells in the cerebellum

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5
Q

Cerebellar white matter

A

axons from cerebellar peduncles and purkinje cell layer.

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6
Q

Deep cerebellar nuclei

A

Embedded in white matter, axons from these nuclei GO OUT of the cerebellum.

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7
Q

Afferents into cerebellum

A

DSCt, olivocerebellar, (lateral cuneate nucleus to) cuneocerebellar tract, vestibular nuclei –> ICP
Pontocerebellar –> MCP

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8
Q

Unconscious Proprio pathway (cerebellum) UE

A

Receptors –> IL fasciculus cuneatus –> lateral cuneate nucleus –> ICP –> cerebellum

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9
Q

Unconscious Proprio pathway (cerebellum) LE

A

receptors –> IL fasciculus gracilus –> L3 dorsal nucleus of clarke –> DSCt –> ICP –> cerebellum

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10
Q

Vestibulocerebellar system

A

Flocculonodular lobe
Function: Maintain equilibrium, receives info from vestibular system and connects reciprocally w/ the vestibular nuclei
Lesion - truncal ataxia, poor visual pursuit, nystagmus

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11
Q

Spinocerebellar System

A

Vermis/Paravermis
Function: controls muscle tone and synergy of contracting muscles during gait.
Lesion - LE/Gait ataxia, dysarthria, dysmetria

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12
Q

Pontocerebellar system

A

lateral hemispheres, feed forward control system
Function: receives info from pontocerebellar and olivocerebellar tracts. Creates smooth coordinated movements
Lesion - loss of fine motor skills and coordination

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13
Q

Cerebellar ataxia

A

unable to stand w/ feet together eyes open or closed.
NORMAL pallesthesia, conscious proprioception, and ankle reflexes. Unstable even if vestibular & somatosensory are normal b/c can’t coordinate incoming information.

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14
Q

Somatosensory ataxia

A

Better balance w/ eyes open. Impaired pallesthesia, conscious proprioception, and ankle reflexes, as well as kinesthetic awareness.

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15
Q

Vestibular ataxia

A

Gravity dependent (normal movements lying down), balance better w/ eyes open, vertigo & nystagmus present.

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16
Q

Function of the thalamus

A

integrates and relays sensory info (except smell), processes some memory, regulates consciousness, arousal and attention, perception of general pain.

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17
Q

Three dorsal sections of the thalamus

A

lateral nuclear mass, anterior nucleus, medial nuclear mass

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18
Q

Sections of lateral nuclear mass of thalamus

A

Ventral lateral, ventral posterior, lateral dorsal nuclei

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19
Q

Ventral lateral nucleus

A

Motor function: motor relay station for the basal ganglia and cerebellum

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20
Q

Ventral posterior nucleus

A

sensory of face/trunk/extremities (CL)

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21
Q

Lateral dorsal nucleus

A

limbic system, pulvinar (cushion)

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22
Q

Anterior nuclear mass

A

part of limbic system

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23
Q

Medial nuclear mass

A

Dorsal median nucleus - part of limbic system, connection with frontal lobe

24
Q

Centromedian nucleus

A

part of ascending reticular activating system

25
Q

Reticular nucleus

A

receives info from thalamus/cerebral cortex & projects back to the thalamus. REGULATES information into the thalamus, makes you aware of sensation

26
Q

What regulates the thalamus?

A

Cerebral cortex, reticular nucleus, reticular formation

27
Q

What’s the blood supply to the thalamus?

A

posterior cerebral artery & posterior communicating artery

28
Q

What is Thalamic Syndrome?

A

i.e. central pain syndrome. Usually d/t vascular lesion

29
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of thalamic syndrome?

A

Intractable pain, CL hemianesthesia (VPL), CL decreased position sense (VPL), CL hemiplegia (post. limb of internal capsule)

30
Q

What are essential tremors?

A

Tremors at rest and and w/ movement, no rigidity (Tx: meds, surgery, deep brain stim of VI)

31
Q

Important nuclei of the hypothalamus

A

Supraoptic, Suprachiasmic, Arcuate, Lateral hypothalamic, ventral medial hypothalamic, paraventricular hypothalamic

32
Q

Supraoptic nucleus

A

synthesizes and releases ADH in response to increased osmolarity in blood. Lesion = diabetes insipidus

33
Q

Suprachiasmic nucleus

A

Connects to pineal gland via sympathetic NS. Circadian rhythm center. Receives light from retina goes to pineal gland.
Light decreases melatonin, dark increases melatonin

34
Q

Arcuate nucleus

A

Lacks a BBB, detects concentration of leptin and insulin in the blood. Releases appetite stimulating and inhibiting hormones. Neurons in direct contact w/ blood constituents.

35
Q

What is Leptin?

A

Hormone released by adipose cells. increased levels with increased fat, decreased levels w/ decreased fat. Decrease in leptin you want to eat. Increase in leptin you don’t want to eat.

36
Q

What is conditioned hunger?

A

attractive foods elicit a strong insulin response –> lowers blood glucose –> stimulates appetite

37
Q

Lateral hypothalamic nucleus

A

“hunger center”, controls initiation of eating. Lesion = eating/drinking ceases

38
Q

Ventral medial hypothalamic nucleus

A

“satiety center” controls inhibition of eating, Lesion = overeating (hyperphagia)

39
Q

Mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus

A

Interconnects the limbic system with the hypothalamus

40
Q

Median eminence/tuber cinereum

A

hypothalamus - synthesize/release hormones into blood vessels of median eminence to anterior pituitary to release/inhibit other hormones.

41
Q

Afferent neuronal input into the hypothalamus comes from where?

A

fornix & mamillothalamic tract

42
Q

Efferent outflow from the hypothalamus

A

dorsal longitudinal fasciculus (of schutz) –> CN III, VII, IX & X & spinal cord via hypothalamospinal tract to T1-3 IMLCc & S2-S4 IMLCc

43
Q

Thermoregulatory center is from

A

Cutaneous and visceral free nerve endings to thermoreceptive neurons in the hypothalamus

44
Q

Anteromedial hypothalamus regulates

A

increased heat –> vasodilation –> decrease HR/BP –> increase sweating

45
Q

Posterolateral hypothalamus regulates

A

decreased heat –> vasoconstriction –> increase HR/BP

46
Q

If you activate the sympathetic NS what effect does it have on thermoregulatory effector organs?

A

Cutaneous blood vessel constriction (heat conservation), increase piloerector muscle contraction (generate heat)

47
Q

If you inhibit the sympathetic NS what effect does it have on thermoregulatory effector organs?

A

Cutaneous blood vessel dilation (heat release), increase sweat gland activity (heat release)

48
Q

Adrenal medulla and thyroid gland

A

thermoregulatory effector organs. release epinephrine and thyroid hormone. Increase body metabolism and heat production

49
Q

Somatic motor system

A

thermoregulatory effector organ. Shivering (generate heat)

50
Q

Factors affecting body temperature

A

time of day, age, emotions/stress, exercise, external environment, menstrual cycle, measurement site

51
Q

Subthalamic nucleus

A

located superior to substantia nigra. Interconnects with other basal ganglia nuclei. Involved in motor control. Lesion = hemiballismus (involuntary flailing of CL limb)

52
Q

Epithalamus

A

posterior commissure - pre-tectal neurons cross here (pupillary light reflex)
pineal gland - secretes melatonin

53
Q

Parts of Metathalamus

A

medial geniculate nucleus, lateral geniculate nucleus

54
Q

Medial geniculate nucleus

A

Ventral/dorsal cochlear nuclei –> lateral lemniscus –> inferior colliculus –> medial geniculate nucleus –> PRIMARY AUDITORY AREA

55
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus

A

IL temporal/CL nasal retinae –> lateral geniculate nucleus –> PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX

Neuroanatomy (9 decks)

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