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Neuroanatomy > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

voluntary skeletal muscle

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2
Q

Visceral Nervous System

A

nerve supply of organs

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3
Q

Motor

A

efferent

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4
Q

Sensory

A

afferent

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5
Q

Ganglia

A

cluster of nerve cell bodies located outside the CNS

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6
Q

Nuclei

A

Cluster of nerve cell bodies located within the CNS

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7
Q

Tracts

A

bundles of axons carrying similar information, axons with same origin and common insertion (lemniscus, fasciculus, pedunc;e, column, capsule)

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8
Q

Sensation

A

awareness of stimuli

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9
Q

Perception

A

interpretation of stimuli into meaningful information

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10
Q

Unipolar

A

only one projection off the cell body (projection is considered an axon), most peripheral sensory neurons

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11
Q

Bipolar

A

have two processes coming off. Found in retina, vestibular nerve, cochlear nerve

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12
Q

Multipolar

A

many processes of the cell body. Most motor and CNS interneurons

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13
Q

How many axons do unipolar, bipolar and multi polar neurons have respectively?

A

They all have one!

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14
Q

Autograde transport

A

Flow of NT/NMs, nutrients, proteins etc from the cell body to the terminus

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15
Q

Retrograde transport

A

Flow of substances from the terminus to the cell body (Toxins (tetanus) and viruses (herpes, polio, rabies), tracing dyes & nerve growth factor are transported into the CNS via this route)

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16
Q

Paresis

A

Partial loss of voluntary contraction (weakness)

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17
Q

Paralysis

A

Complete loss of voluntary contraction

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18
Q

Plegia

A

means paralysis

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19
Q

Myoclonus

A

Involuntary contractions (hiccups, eye twitches)

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20
Q

Hypotonia

A

Abnormally low resistance to passive stretch

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21
Q

Flaccidity

A

Lack of resistance to passive stretch

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22
Q

Neurons

A

release the neurotransmitters and neuromodulators across a synaptic gap. REsting membrane potential of -70 mV (compared to outside of the neuron)

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23
Q

How is the resting membrane potential maintained by the neuron?

A

Passive: sodium (+) higher concentration outside the neuron, chloride(-) is higher outside so goes inside. Potassium (+) higher cnocentration inside so goes out making the cell more negative.
Active: Sodium potassium pump in the membrane, 3 positive Na out and 2 positive K(+) in (net negative) Needs ATP to function, which you need oxygen for ATP
Also, negatively charged ions/proteins are trapped (they are large and can’t get out)

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24
Q

Neuroglia

A

can divide and multiply, 10 x more glial cells than neurons. (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, schwann cells, microglia, ependymal cells)

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25
Q

Astrocytes

A

Good: Add structure, BBB, maintain K+ levels, guide migrating neurons
Bad: Scar up in CNS injury (why theres trouble healing from CNS injury)

They actually transmit information:
Transmit Ca2+ to other astrocytes
2 way communication with neurons(neurons stimulate astrocytes, and astrocytes release glutamate into neurons via gap junctions.

2 types: protoplasmic (gray matter) and fibrous (white matter)

susceptible to forming neoplasms (astrocytoma)

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26
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Myelinate axons in the CNS, antibodies attack these in multiple sclerosis (MS), 1 segment of multiple axons in CNS

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27
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Myelinate axons in the PNS, antibodies attack these in guillan-barre, myelinate 1 segment of 1 axon in PNS

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28
Q

Microglia

A

phagocytes, over-activated in Alzheimers and AIDS

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29
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

Line the ventricles and central canal, Ependymomas (tumors)

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30
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

Action potential appears to jump from one node of ranvier to the next, there are few Na+ channels in the myelin covered axolemma.

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31
Q

Cell body of neurons

A

Contains organelles (nucleus, golgi apparatus, ER, ribosomes, etc) Manufactures NT/NM, membrane proteins etc.

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32
Q

Axon of neurons

A

Only 1 per neuron, but can have many branches

Each branch has a nerve terminal for release of NT/NM

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33
Q

Dendrites

A

1º receptive area, Most neurons have many dendrites; each dendrite branches multiple times

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34
Q

Chemical Synapses

A

Presynaptic membrane, synaptic gap, post synaptic membrane

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35
Q

Types of synapses

A
  • Axo-dendritic (most numerous; usually excitatory)
  • Axo-somatic (usually inhibitory)
  • Axo-axonic (presynaptic inhibition or facilitation; either reduces or increases Ca2+ influx)
  • Dendro-dendritic
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36
Q

Excitatory Post-synaptic Potentials (EPSPs)

A
  • Binding of neurotransmitters opens voltage-gated Na+ channels → causes influx of Na+ and/or Ca2+
  • RMP rises from -70 to -55
  • Na+ channels open at the axon hillock in motor and interneurons → APs travel down the axon – Ca2+ channels open at terminus – Ca2+ enters – causes fusion of NT/NM vesicles to fuse to membrane – release by exocytosis
  • In sensory neurons, Na+ channels near the receptor open (trigger zone) – APs travel up the axon toward the cell body.
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37
Q

IPSP’s

A

Binding of NT/NM to a receptor on a neuron causes:

  • Efflux of K+ or influx of Cl-
  • Lowers RMP from -70 to a more (-) value
38
Q

What could block the voltage-gated Na+ channels?

A

The voltage-gated Na+ channels are blocked by procaine (novocaine) and lidocaine to reduce pain transmission of sensory nerves

39
Q

Leak channels

A

Allow diffusion of ions in a slow continuous manner, Important in maintaining osmotic gradients and membrane potentials

40
Q

Modality-Gated channels

A

Channels that open in response to stretch, temperature, pressure, Found in receptors

41
Q

Ligand-gated channels

A

a.ka. ionotropic - Function as receptors for NT’s/NM’s, rapid, short term effect

42
Q

Voltage gated channels

A

Respond to changes in membrane potentials (Ca2+ channels at the synapse, Na+ channels at the axon hillock and trigger zone)

43
Q

Repolarization

A

Voltage-gated Na+ channels close (refractory period), also prevents AP’s from going in a retro-directed (toward the cell body), Voltage-gated K+ channels open

44
Q

Whats the difference between a Nerotransmitters & neuromodulators?

A

NT is a short-term quick effect, NM long-term/delayed effect (not immediate response). Some chemicals can function as both.

45
Q

Glutamate

A

the major excitatory NT in CNS! Chemical that produces the most EPSP’s.

46
Q

GABA

A

The major inhibitory NT in CNS! most IPSP’s
GABA-a & GABA-c: ↑ Cl- influx
GABA-b: ↑ K+ efflux (Baclofen)
Diazepam (Vallium) binds to GABA receptors and potentiates GABA’s effect

47
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Released from post-ganglionic sympathetics, can be inhibitory or excitatory depending on receptor it binds to, Implicated in post-traumatic stress disorder and panic disorders

48
Q

Dopamine

A

Involved in motor control (Parkinson’s disease), Associated with feelings of pleasure/reward, Cocaine and amphetamines inhibit re-uptake

49
Q

Serotonin

A

Produced by neurons in the brainstem, Low levels associated with depression, anxiety, OCD, Prozac, Paxil & Zoloft decrease its reuptake/removal

50
Q

Acetylcholine (ACH)

A

PNS – cause muscle contraction, Botox; ↓ spasticity by impairing vesicle fusion to the membrane (causing muscle to relax)
ANS – released from pre-ganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons; released from post-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons
CNS – released from neurons at the base of the cortex (these neurons degenerate in Alzheimer’s disease) & from the pedunculopontine nucleus (these neurons degenerate in Parkinson’s disease)

51
Q

Substance P

A

Released by sensory neurons transmitting pain

52
Q

Endorphins and enkephalins

A

Inhibit neurons involved in perception of pain

53
Q

Glycine

A

Prominent inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord

54
Q

Where in the brain is Serotonin produced?

A

The raphe nuclei of the brainstem –> axons from these neurons project to the spinal cord, telencephalon & diencephalon

55
Q

Where in the brain is Dopamine produced?

A

the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area of the midbrain. Axons project to the basal ganglis (motor control), frontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus.

56
Q

G-protein gated ion channel

A

something binds to a receptor, which causes a messenger to come off and bind to a channel and opens it. More delayed effect.

57
Q

G-protein gated 2nd messenger complex

A

Receptor complex, part of it is removed, and that part bonds to enzyme which catalyzes something and starts a chain reaction. Very delayed. Can stimulate protein synthesis.

58
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A

Auto-antibodies to Ach receptors in muscle cell membranes, Ach cant find receptor to bind to, characterized by weakness/fatigue
Signs/sxs:
Weakness of levator palpebrae superioris, EOMs and limb muscles which becomes worse with exercise
Sxs improve with anti-cholinesterase drugs
Increases the [Ach] in the synaptic gap (Endrophonium (tensilon) is an anti-cholinesterase drug that blocks the action of acetylcholinesterase ↑Ach ↓sxs, Neostigmine; a drug that blocks the acetylcholinesterase enzyme and used to treat MG )

Tensilon test - give the drug to see if symptoms improve or not. Sxs would not improve with this test in Eaton-Lambert syndrome

59
Q

Eaton-Lambert Syndrome (Myasthenic Syndrome)

A

Auto-antibodies to calcium channels, they are blocked, characterized by weakness/fatigue
In Eaton Lambert there is NO AcH released! Improve with exercise because it stimulate Ach to be released.
More information on slide 58

60
Q

Botulism�

A

Botulinum toxin is a protease that cleaves “SNARE” proteins in the vesicles and presynaptic membrane, SNARE proteins direct the vesicle to the membrane, Ach not released

61
Q

Tetanus toxin

A

A protease that cleaves “SNARE” proteins in inhibitory interneurons (so the neurons can’t inhibit actions) – results in tetanic contractions

62
Q

Types of Myasthenia Gravis

A

I) ocular: Confined mostly to eye muscles
II) generalized: Mostly affects eye, face and proximal limb muscles
III) severe generalized
IV) “crisis”: Affects respiratory muscles

63
Q

Dorsal Primary Rami

A

do not merge to form plexi. Motor innervate deep back muscles, sensory innervate joint capsules/ligaments

64
Q

Ventral Primary Rami

A

merge to form plexi, but stay segmental in the thoracic region.

65
Q

Peripheral Nerves

A

contains thousands of afferent and efferent fibers

66
Q

Membranes Surrounding Afferent/Efferent Fibers

A

Axolemma –> myelin – neurilemma –> endoneurium (contains blood vessels that supply O2 and nutrients)

67
Q

Endoneurium

A

surrounds individual nerve fibers

68
Q

Perineurium

A

surrounds bundles of nerve fibers

69
Q

Epineurium

A

surrounds entire nerve

70
Q

What would result in paresthesias?

A

compression of any of the peripheral nerves - means abnormal sensory sensations

71
Q

Skin receptors

A

Pacinian, Ruffini, free nerve endings, Meissner corpuscles, Merkel’s discs, hair follicles, Krause end bulbs

72
Q

Joint receptors

A

Ruffini, Golgi ligament endings, free nerve endings

73
Q

Muscle Receptors

A

Muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs

74
Q

Superficial sensations (exteroreceptors)

A

Responsible for pain, temperature, and fine touch.

75
Q

Deep Receptors (proprioceptors)

A

Responsible for joint position, kinesthetic awareness, vibration, muscle length and muscle tension, skin movements, deep pressure. (Muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, Ruffini corpuscles, Golgi ligament endings, Pacinian corpuscles)

76
Q

Free nerve endings

A

Detect pain, touch/tickle/itch, temperature.
The axon reflex: superficial heat stimulates temperature receptors in skin –> a branch of the peripheral process synapses on cutaneous blood vessels –> dilation

77
Q

Ruffini Endings

A

detect joint angles at end range, continuous stretch of skin (encapsulated collagen fibers which are interconnected with collagen in dermis)

78
Q

Hair follicle receptor organs

A

Combination of hair follicle and nerve fiber, Responsible for superficial touch

79
Q

Krause End Bulb

A

Responsible for touch, light pressure and cold temperature sensations

80
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A

detect moving 2 point discrimination, low frequency vibration (~30)

81
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

detect pressure, high frequency vibration(~250)

82
Q

Merkels Discs

A

detect texture, localized touch (Semmes-Weinstein filament), static 2 point discrimination

83
Q

What is a receptor field?

A

An area of skin innervated by a SINGLE afferent neuron, Tend to be smaller distally d/t smaller receptive fields

84
Q

Babinski Reflex

A

Stroking along the heel → along the 5th metatarsal → across the metatarsal heads
Skin receptors stimulate motor neurons of S1 that innervate flexor hallucis longus (motor neurons of extensor hallucis longus are inhibited from higher centers)

85
Q

Oppenheim reflex

A

Stoking down the medial side of the tibia causes 1st toe extension
Abnormal in adult (suggests UMN disease)

86
Q

Chaddock Reflex

A

Stroke along lateral ankle/lateral aspect of foot causes 1st digit extension
Abnormal in adult (suggests UMN disease)

87
Q

Types of joint receptors (mechanoreceptors)

A

Type I: Ruffini endings (static end-range position; speed/direction of active/passive movement; continuous stretch)
Type II: Detect sudden movement
Type III: Golgi ligament endings (ligament receptors)
Type IV: Free nerve endings

88
Q

What is the neuron doctrine?

A

Ramon y Cajal proposed that the nervous system was made up of individual neurons, was confirmed in the 1950’s with the electron microscope

89
Q

What is the telencephalon composed of?

A

cerebral cortex, subcortical white matter, basal ganglion

90
Q

What is the diencephalon composed of?

A

thalamus, subthalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, metathalamus

91
Q

What is the brainstem composed of?

A

midbrain, pons, medulla

Neuroanatomy (9 decks)

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