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SOCI 101 KEY TERMS > Exam two (Chapter 3, 5, 7, 8, 14) > Flashcards

Exam two (Chapter 3, 5, 7, 8, 14) Flashcards

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1
Q

alarm reaction

A

first stage of the general adaptation syndrome; characterized as the body’s immediate physiological reaction to a threatening situation or some other emergency; analogous to the fight-or-flight response.

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2
Q

beliefs

A

tenets or convictions that people hold to be true

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3
Q

cortisol

A

stress hormone released by the adrenal glands when encountering a stressor; helps to provide a
boost of energy, thereby preparing the individual to take action

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4
Q

countercultures

A

groups that reject and oppose society’s widely accepted cultural patterns

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5
Q

culture

A

shared beliefs, values, and practices

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6
Q

culture lag

A

the gap of time between the introduction of material culture and nonmaterial culture’s
acceptance of it

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7
Q

diffusion

A

the spread of material and nonmaterial culture from one culture to another

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8
Q

discoveries

A

things and ideas found from what already exists

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9
Q

distress

A

bad form of stress; usually high in intensity; often leads to exhaustion, fatigue, feeling burned out;
associated with erosions in performance and health

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10
Q

eustress

A

good form of stress; low to moderate in intensity; associated with positive feelings, as well as
optimal health and performance

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11
Q

fight-or-flight response

A

set of physiological reactions (increases in blood pressure, heart rate, respiration
rate, and sweat) that occur when an individual encounters a perceived threat; these reactions are
produced by activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system

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12
Q

folkways

A

direct, appropriate behavior in the day-to-day practices and expressions of a culture

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13
Q

formal norms

A

established, written rules

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14
Q

general adaptation syndrome

A

Hans Selye’s three-stage model of the body’s physiological reactions to stress
and the process of stress adaptation: alarm reaction, stage of resistance, and stage of exhaustion

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15
Q

globalization

A

the integration of international trade and finance markets

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16
Q

health psychology

A

subfield of psychology devoted to studying psychological influences on health, illness,
and how people respond when they become ill

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17
Q

high culture

A

the cultural patterns of a society’s elite

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18
Q

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

A

set of structures found in both the limbic system
(hypothalamus) and the endocrine system (pituitary gland and adrenal glands) that regulate many of the
body’s physiological reactions to stress through the release of hormones

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19
Q

ideal culture

A

the standards a society would like to embrace and live up to

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20
Q

informal norms

A

casual behaviors that are generally and widely conformed to

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21
Q

innovations

A

new objects or ideas introduced to culture for the first time

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22
Q

inventions

A

a combination of pieces of existing reality into new forms

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23
Q

language

A

a symbolic system of communication

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24
Q

mores

A

the moral views and principles of a group

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25
Q

norms

A

the visible and invisible rules of conduct through which societies are structured

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26
Q

popular culture

A

mainstream, widespread patterns among a society’s population

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27
Q

primary appraisal

A

judgment about the degree of potential harm or threat to well-being that a stressor might
entail

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28
Q

real culture

A

the way society really is based on what actually occurs and exists

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29
Q

sanctions

A

a way to authorize or formally disapprove of certain behaviors

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30
Q

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

A

the way that people understand the world based on their form of language

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31
Q

secondary appraisal

A

judgment of options available to cope with a stressor and their potential effectiveness

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32
Q

social control

A

a way to encourage conformity to cultural norms

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33
Q

society

A

people who live in a definable community and who share a culture

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34
Q

stage of exhaustion

A

third stage of the general adaptation syndrome; the body’s ability to resist stress
becomes depleted; illness, disease, and even death may occur

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35
Q

stage of resistance

A

second stage of the general adaptation syndrome; the body adapts to a stressor for a
period of time

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36
Q

stress

A

process whereby an individual perceives and responds to events that one appraises as overwhelming
or threatening to one’s well-being

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37
Q

stressors

A

environmental events that may be judged as threatening or demanding; stimuli that initiate the
stress process

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38
Q

subcultures

A

groups that share a specific identification, apart from a society’s majority, even as the
members exist within a larger society

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39
Q

symbols

A

gestures or objects that have meanings associated with them that are recognized by people who
share a culture

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40
Q

values

A

a culture’s standard for discerning what is good and just in society

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41
Q

anticipatory socialization

A

the way we prepare for future life roles

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42
Q

degradation ceremony

A

the process by which new members of a total institution lose aspects of their old
identities and are given new ones

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43
Q

generalized other

A

the common behavioral expectations of general society

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44
Q

hidden curriculum

A

the informal teaching done in schools that socializes children to societal norms

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45
Q

moral development

A

the way people learn what is “good” and “bad” in society

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46
Q

nature

A

the influence of our genetic makeup on self-development

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47
Q

nurture

A

the role that our social environment plays in self-development

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48
Q

peer group

A

a group made up of people who are similar in age and social status and who share interests

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49
Q

resocialization

A

the process by which old behaviors are removed and new behaviors are learned in their
place

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50
Q

self

A

a person’s distinct sense of identity as developed through social interaction

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51
Q

socialization

A

the process wherein people come to understand societal norms and expectations, to accept
society’s beliefs, and to be aware of societal values

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52
Q

conflict theory

A

a theory that examines social and economic factors as the causes of criminal deviance

53
Q

control theory

A

a theory that states social control is directly affected by the strength of social bonds and that
deviance results from a feeling of disconnection from society

54
Q

corporate crime

A

crime committed by white-collar workers in a business environment

55
Q

corrections system

A

the system tasked with supervising individuals who have been arrested for, convicted
of, or sentenced for criminal offenses

56
Q

court

A

a system that has the authority to make decisions based on law

57
Q

crime

A

a behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions

58
Q

criminal justice system

A

an organization that exists to enforce a legal code

59
Q

cultural deviance theory

A

a theory that suggests conformity to the prevailing cultural norms of lower-class
society causes crime

60
Q

deviance

A

a violation of contextual, cultural, or social norms

61
Q

differential association theory

A

a theory that states individuals learn deviant behavior from those close to
them who provide models of and opportunities for deviance

62
Q

formal sanctions

A

sanctions that are officially recognized and enforced

63
Q

hate crimes

A

attacks based on a person’s race, religion, or other characteristics

64
Q

informal sanctions

A

sanctions that occur in face-to-face interactions

65
Q

labeling theory

A

the ascribing of a deviant behavior to another person by members of society

66
Q

legal codes

A

codes that maintain formal social control through laws

67
Q

master status

A

a label that describes the chief characteristic of an individual

68
Q

negative sanctions

A

punishments for violating norms

69
Q

nonviolent crimes

A

crimes that involve the destruction or theft of property, but do not use force or the threat
of force

70
Q

police

A

a civil force in charge of regulating laws and public order at a federal, state, or community level

71
Q

positive sanctions

A

rewards given for conforming to norms

72
Q

power elite

A

a small group of wealthy and influential people at the top of society who hold the power and
resources

73
Q

primary deviance

A

a violation of norms that does not result in any long-term effects on the individual’s selfimage
or interactions with others

74
Q

sanctions

A

the means of enforcing rules

75
Q

secondary deviance

A

deviance that occurs when a person’s self-concept and behavior begin to change after
his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society

76
Q

self-report study

A

a collection of data acquired using voluntary response methods, such as questionnaires
or telephone interviews

77
Q

social control

A

the regulation and enforcement of norms

78
Q

social disorganization theory

A

a theory that asserts crime occurs in communities with weak social ties and
the absence of social control

79
Q

social order

A

arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society’s members base their daily lives

80
Q

strain theory

A

a theory that addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and having
socially acceptable means to reach those goals

81
Q

street crime

A

crime committed by average people against other people or organizations, usually in public
spaces

82
Q

victimless crime

A

activities against the law, but that do not result in injury to any individual other than the
person who engages in them

83
Q

violent crimes

A

crimes based on the use of force or the threat of force

84
Q

cyberfeminism

A

the application to and promotion of feminism online

85
Q

design patents

A

patents that are granted when someone has invented a new and original design for a
manufactured product

86
Q

digital divide

A

the uneven access to technology around race, class, and geographic lines

87
Q

e-readiness

A

the ability to sort through, interpret, and process digital knowledge

88
Q

evolutionary model of technological change

A

a breakthrough in one form of technology that leads to a
number of variations, from which a prototype emerges, followed by a period of slight adjustments to the
technology, interrupted by a breakthrough

89
Q

gatekeeping

A

the sorting process by which thousands of possible messages are shaped into a mass mediaappropriate
form and reduced to a manageable amount

90
Q

knowledge gap

A

the gap in information that builds as groups grow up without access to technology

91
Q

media

A

all print, digital, and electronic means of communication

92
Q

media consolidation

A

a process by which fewer and fewer owners control the majority of media outlets

93
Q

media globalization

A

e worldwide integration of media through the cross-cultural exchange of ideas

94
Q

neo-Luddites

A

those who see technology as a symbol of the coldness of modern life

95
Q

net neutrality

A

the principle that all Internet data should be treated equally by internet service providers

96
Q

new media

A

all interactive forms of information exchange

97
Q

oligopoly

A

a situation in which a few firms dominate a marketplace

98
Q

panoptic surveillance

A

a form of constant monitoring in which the observation posts are decentralized and
the observed is never communicated with directly

99
Q

planned obsolescence

A

the act of a technology company planning for a product to be obsolete or unable
from the time it’s created

100
Q

plant patents

A

patents that recognize the discovery of new plant types that can be asexually reproduced

101
Q

technological diffusion

A

the spread of technology across borders

102
Q

technological globalization

A

the cross-cultural development and exchange of technology

103
Q

technology

A

the application of science to solve problems in daily life

104
Q

technophiles

A

those who see technology as symbolizing the potential for a brighter future

105
Q

utility patents

A

patents that are granted for the invention or discovery of any new and useful process,
product, or machine

106
Q

ambilineal

A

a type of unilateral descent that follows either the father’s or the mother’s side exclusively

107
Q

bigamy

A

the act of entering into marriage while still married to another person

108
Q

bilateral descent

A

the tracing of kinship through both parents’ ancestral lines

109
Q

cohabitation

A

the act of a couple sharing a residence while they are not married

110
Q

extended family

A

a household that includes at least one parent and child as well as other relatives like
grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins

111
Q

family

A

socially recognized groups of individuals who may be joined by blood, marriage, or adoption and
who form an emotional connection and an economic unit of society

112
Q

family life course

A

a sociological model of family that sees the progression of events as fluid rather than as
occurring in strict stages

113
Q

family life cycle

A

a set of predictable steps and patterns families experience over time

114
Q

family of orientation

A

the family into which one is born

115
Q

family of procreation

A

a family that is formed through marriage

116
Q

intimate partner violence (IPV)

A

violence that occurs between individuals who maintain a romantic or
sexual relationship

117
Q

kinship

A

a person’s traceable ancestry (by blood, marriage, and/or adoption)

118
Q

marriage

A

a legally recognized contract between two or more people in a sexual relationship who have an
expectation of permanence about their relationship

119
Q

matrilineal descent

A

a type of unilateral descent that follows the mother’s side only

120
Q

matrilocal residence

A

a system in which it is customary for a husband to live with the his wife’s family

121
Q

monogamy

A

the act of being married to only one person at a time

122
Q

nuclear family

A

two parents (traditionally a married husband and wife) and children living in the same
household

123
Q

patrilineal descent

A

a type of unilateral descent that follows the father’s line only

124
Q

patrilocal residence

A

a system in which it is customary for the a wife to live with (or near) the her husband’s
family

125
Q

polyandry

A

a form of marriage in which one woman is married to more than one man at one time

126
Q

polygamy

A

the state of being committed or married to more than one person at a time

127
Q

polygyny

A

a form of marriage in which one man is married to more than one woman at one time

128
Q

shaken-baby syndrome

A

a group of medical symptoms such as brain swelling and retinal hemorrhage
resulting from forcefully shaking or impacting an infant’s head

129
Q

unilateral descent

A

the tracing of kinship through one parent only.

SOCI 101 KEY TERMS (3 decks)

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