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SOCI 101 KEY TERMS > Exam four (Chapter 10, 20, 21) > Flashcards

Exam four (Chapter 10, 20, 21) Flashcards

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1
Q

capital flight

A

the movement (flight) of capital from one nation to another, via jobs and resources

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2
Q

chattel slavery

A

a form of slavery in which one person owns another person

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3
Q

core nations

A

dominant capitalist countries

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4
Q

debt accumulation

A

the buildup of external debt, wherein countries borrow money from other nations to
fund their expansion or growth goals

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5
Q

debt bondage

A

the act of people pledging themselves as servants in exchange for money for passage, and are
subsequently paid too little to regain their freedom

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6
Q

deindustrialization

A

the loss of industrial production, usually to peripheral and semi-peripheral nations
where the costs are lower

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7
Q

dependency theory

A

a theory which states that global inequity is due to the exploitation of peripheral and
semi-peripheral nations by core nations

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8
Q

extreme poverty

A

the state where one is barely able, or unable, to afford basic necessities

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9
Q

first world

A

a term from the Cold War era that is used to describe industrialized capitalist democracies

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10
Q

fourth world

A

a term that describes stigmatized minority groups who have no voice or representation on the
world stage

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11
Q

GINI coefficient

A

a measure of income inequality between countries using a 100-point scale, in which 1
represents complete equality and 100 represents the highest possible inequality

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12
Q

global feminization of poverty

A

pattern that occurs when women bear a disproportionate percentage of
the burden of poverty

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13
Q

global inequality

A

the concentration of resources in core nations and in the hands of a wealthy minority

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14
Q

global stratification

A

the unequal distribution of resources between countries

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15
Q

gross national income (GNI)

A

the income of a nation calculated based on goods and services produced, plus
income earned by citizens and corporations headquartered in that country

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16
Q

modernization theory

A

a theory that low-income countries can improve their global economic standing by
industrialization of infrastructure and a shift in cultural attitudes towards work

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17
Q

peripheral nations

A

nations on the fringes of the global economy, dominated by core nations, with very little
industrialization

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18
Q

relative poverty

A

the state of poverty where one is unable to live the lifestyle of the average person in the
country

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19
Q

second world

A

a term from the Cold War era that describes nations with moderate economies and standards
of living

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20
Q

semi-peripheral nations

A

in-between nations, not powerful enough to dictate policy but acting as a major
source of raw materials and an expanding middle class marketplace

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21
Q

subjective poverty

A

a state of poverty composed of many dimensions, subjectively present when one’s actual
income does not meet one’s expectations

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22
Q

third world

A

a term from the Cold War era that refers to poor, unindustrialized countries

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23
Q

underground economy

A

an unregulated economy of labor and goods that operates outside of governance,
regulatory systems, or human protections

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24
Q

sustainable development

A

development that occurs without depleting or damaging the natural environment

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25
Q

asylum-seekers

A

those whose claim to refugee status have not been validated

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26
Q

cancer cluster

A

a geographic area with high levels of cancer within its population

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27
Q

carrying capacity

A

the amount of people that can live in a given area considering the amount of available
resources

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28
Q

climate change

A

long-term shifts in temperature and climate due to human activity

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29
Q

concentric zone model

A

a model of human ecology that views cities as a series of circular rings or zones

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30
Q

cornucopian theory

A

a theory that asserts human ingenuity will rise to the challenge of providing adequate
resources for a growing population

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31
Q

demographic transition theory

A

a theory that describes four stages of population growth, following patterns
that connect birth and death rates with stages of industrial development

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32
Q

demography

A

the study of population

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33
Q

e-waste

A

the disposal of broken, obsolete, and worn-out electronics

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34
Q

environmental racism

A

the burdening of economically and socially disadvantaged communities with a
disproportionate share of environmental hazards

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35
Q

environmental sociology

A

the sociological subfield that addresses the relationship between humans and the
environment

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36
Q

exurbs

A

communities that arise farther out than the suburbs and are typically populated by residents of high
socioeconomic status

37
Q

fertility rate

A

a measure noting the actual number of children born

38
Q

fracking

A

hydraulic fracturing, a method used to recover gas and oil from shale by drilling down into the
earth and directing a high-pressure mixture of water, sand, and proprietary chemicals into the rock

39
Q

gentrification

A

the entry of upper- and middle-class residents to city areas or communities that have been
historically less affluent

40
Q

human ecology

A

a functional perspective that looks at the relationship between people and their built and
natural environment

41
Q

internally displaced person

A

someone who fled his or her home while remaining inside the country’s
borders

42
Q

Malthusian theory

A

a theory asserting that population is controlled through positive checks (war, famine,
disease) and preventive checks (measures to reduce fertility)

43
Q

megalopolis

A

a large urban corridor that encompasses several cities and their surrounding suburbs and
exurbs

44
Q

metropolis

A

the area that includes a city and its suburbs and exurbs

45
Q

mortality rate

A

a measure of the number of people in a population who die

46
Q

NIMBY

A

“Not In My Back Yard,” the tendency of people to protest poor environmental practices when those
practices will affect them directly

47
Q

pollution

A

the introduction of contaminants into an environment at levels that are damaging

48
Q

population composition

A

a snapshot of the demographic profile of a population based on fertility, mortality,
and migration rates

49
Q

population pyramid

A

a graphic representation that depicts population distribution according to age and sex

50
Q

refugee

A

an individual who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or
natural disaster

51
Q

sex ratio

A

the ratio of men to women in a given population

52
Q

suburbs

A

the communities surrounding cities, typically close enough for a daily commute

53
Q

urban sociology

A

the subfield of sociology that focuses on the study of urbanization

54
Q

urbanization

A

the study of the social, political, and economic relationships of cities

55
Q

white flight

A

the migration of economically secure white people from racially mixed urban areas toward the
suburbs

56
Q

zero population growth

A

a theoretical goal in which the number of people entering a population through
birth or immigration is equal to the number of people leaving it via death or emigration

57
Q

acting crowds

A

crowds of people who are focused on a specific action or goal

58
Q

alternative movements

A

social movements that limit themselves to self-improvement changes in
individuals

59
Q

assembling perspective

A

a theory that credits individuals in crowds as behaving as rational thinkers and
views crowds as engaging in purposeful behavior and collective action

60
Q

casual crowds

A

people who share close proximity without really interacting

61
Q

collective behavior

A

a noninstitutionalized activity in which several people voluntarily engage

62
Q

conventional crowds

A

people who come together for a regularly scheduled event

63
Q

crowd

A

a fairly large number of people who share close proximity

64
Q

crowdsourcing

A

the process of obtaining needed services, ideas, or content by soliciting contributions from
a large group of people

65
Q

diagnostic framing

A

a the social problem that is stated in a clear, easily understood manner

66
Q

emergent norm theory

A

a perspective that emphasizes the importance of social norms in crowd behavior

67
Q

expressive crowds

A

crowds who share opportunities to express emotions

68
Q

flash mob

A

a large group of people who gather together in a spontaneous activity that lasts a limited amount
of time

69
Q

frame alignment process

A

using bridging, amplification, extension, and transformation as an ongoing and
intentional means of recruiting participants to a movement

70
Q

mass

A

a relatively large group with a common interest, even if they may not be in close proximity

71
Q

modernization

A

the process that increases the amount of specialization and differentiation of structure in
societies

72
Q

motivational framing

A

a call to action

73
Q

new social movement theory

A

a theory that attempts to explain the proliferation of postindustrial and
postmodern movements that are difficult to understand using traditional social movement theories

74
Q

NGO

A

nongovernmental organizations working globally for numerous humanitarian and environmental
causes

75
Q

prognostic framing

A

social movements that state a clear solution and a means of implementation

76
Q

public

A

an unorganized, relatively diffuse group of people who share ideas

77
Q

reform movements

A

movements that seek to change something specific about the social structure

78
Q

religious/redemptive movements

A

movements that work to promote inner change or spiritual growth in
individuals

79
Q

resistance movements

A

those who seek to prevent or undo change to the social structure

80
Q

resource mobilization theory

A

a theory that explains social movements’ success in terms of their ability to
acquire resources and mobilize individuals

81
Q

revolutionary movements

A

movements that seek to completely change every aspect of society

82
Q

social change

A

e change in a society created through social movements as well as through external factors
like environmental shifts or technological innovations

83
Q

social movement

A

a purposeful organized group hoping to work toward a common social goal

84
Q

social movement industry

A

the collection of the social movement organizations that are striving toward
similar goals

85
Q

social movement organization

A

a single social movement group

86
Q

social movement sector

A

the multiple social movement industries in a society, even if they have widely
varying constituents and goals

87
Q

value-added theory

A

a functionalist perspective theory that posits that several preconditions must be in
place for collective behavior to occur

88
Q
A

SOCI 101 KEY TERMS (3 decks)

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