Exam four (Chapter 10, 20, 21) Flashcards
capital flight
the movement (flight) of capital from one nation to another, via jobs and resources
chattel slavery
a form of slavery in which one person owns another person
core nations
dominant capitalist countries
debt accumulation
the buildup of external debt, wherein countries borrow money from other nations to
fund their expansion or growth goals
debt bondage
the act of people pledging themselves as servants in exchange for money for passage, and are
subsequently paid too little to regain their freedom
deindustrialization
the loss of industrial production, usually to peripheral and semi-peripheral nations
where the costs are lower
dependency theory
a theory which states that global inequity is due to the exploitation of peripheral and
semi-peripheral nations by core nations
extreme poverty
the state where one is barely able, or unable, to afford basic necessities
first world
a term from the Cold War era that is used to describe industrialized capitalist democracies
fourth world
a term that describes stigmatized minority groups who have no voice or representation on the
world stage
GINI coefficient
a measure of income inequality between countries using a 100-point scale, in which 1
represents complete equality and 100 represents the highest possible inequality
global feminization of poverty
pattern that occurs when women bear a disproportionate percentage of
the burden of poverty
global inequality
the concentration of resources in core nations and in the hands of a wealthy minority
global stratification
the unequal distribution of resources between countries
gross national income (GNI)
the income of a nation calculated based on goods and services produced, plus
income earned by citizens and corporations headquartered in that country
modernization theory
a theory that low-income countries can improve their global economic standing by
industrialization of infrastructure and a shift in cultural attitudes towards work
peripheral nations
nations on the fringes of the global economy, dominated by core nations, with very little
industrialization
relative poverty
the state of poverty where one is unable to live the lifestyle of the average person in the
country
second world
a term from the Cold War era that describes nations with moderate economies and standards
of living
semi-peripheral nations
in-between nations, not powerful enough to dictate policy but acting as a major
source of raw materials and an expanding middle class marketplace
subjective poverty
a state of poverty composed of many dimensions, subjectively present when one’s actual
income does not meet one’s expectations
third world
a term from the Cold War era that refers to poor, unindustrialized countries
underground economy
an unregulated economy of labor and goods that operates outside of governance,
regulatory systems, or human protections
sustainable development
development that occurs without depleting or damaging the natural environment
asylum-seekers
those whose claim to refugee status have not been validated
cancer cluster
a geographic area with high levels of cancer within its population
carrying capacity
the amount of people that can live in a given area considering the amount of available
resources
climate change
long-term shifts in temperature and climate due to human activity
concentric zone model
a model of human ecology that views cities as a series of circular rings or zones
cornucopian theory
a theory that asserts human ingenuity will rise to the challenge of providing adequate
resources for a growing population
demographic transition theory
a theory that describes four stages of population growth, following patterns
that connect birth and death rates with stages of industrial development
demography
the study of population
e-waste
the disposal of broken, obsolete, and worn-out electronics
environmental racism
the burdening of economically and socially disadvantaged communities with a
disproportionate share of environmental hazards
environmental sociology
the sociological subfield that addresses the relationship between humans and the
environment
exurbs
communities that arise farther out than the suburbs and are typically populated by residents of high
socioeconomic status
fertility rate
a measure noting the actual number of children born
fracking
hydraulic fracturing, a method used to recover gas and oil from shale by drilling down into the
earth and directing a high-pressure mixture of water, sand, and proprietary chemicals into the rock
gentrification
the entry of upper- and middle-class residents to city areas or communities that have been
historically less affluent
human ecology
a functional perspective that looks at the relationship between people and their built and
natural environment
internally displaced person
someone who fled his or her home while remaining inside the country’s
borders
Malthusian theory
a theory asserting that population is controlled through positive checks (war, famine,
disease) and preventive checks (measures to reduce fertility)
megalopolis
a large urban corridor that encompasses several cities and their surrounding suburbs and
exurbs
metropolis
the area that includes a city and its suburbs and exurbs
mortality rate
a measure of the number of people in a population who die
NIMBY
“Not In My Back Yard,” the tendency of people to protest poor environmental practices when those
practices will affect them directly
pollution
the introduction of contaminants into an environment at levels that are damaging
population composition
a snapshot of the demographic profile of a population based on fertility, mortality,
and migration rates
population pyramid
a graphic representation that depicts population distribution according to age and sex
refugee
an individual who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or
natural disaster
sex ratio
the ratio of men to women in a given population
suburbs
the communities surrounding cities, typically close enough for a daily commute
urban sociology
the subfield of sociology that focuses on the study of urbanization
urbanization
the study of the social, political, and economic relationships of cities
white flight
the migration of economically secure white people from racially mixed urban areas toward the
suburbs
zero population growth
a theoretical goal in which the number of people entering a population through
birth or immigration is equal to the number of people leaving it via death or emigration
acting crowds
crowds of people who are focused on a specific action or goal
alternative movements
social movements that limit themselves to self-improvement changes in
individuals
assembling perspective
a theory that credits individuals in crowds as behaving as rational thinkers and
views crowds as engaging in purposeful behavior and collective action
casual crowds
people who share close proximity without really interacting
collective behavior
a noninstitutionalized activity in which several people voluntarily engage
conventional crowds
people who come together for a regularly scheduled event
crowd
a fairly large number of people who share close proximity
crowdsourcing
the process of obtaining needed services, ideas, or content by soliciting contributions from
a large group of people
diagnostic framing
a the social problem that is stated in a clear, easily understood manner
emergent norm theory
a perspective that emphasizes the importance of social norms in crowd behavior
expressive crowds
crowds who share opportunities to express emotions
flash mob
a large group of people who gather together in a spontaneous activity that lasts a limited amount
of time
frame alignment process
using bridging, amplification, extension, and transformation as an ongoing and
intentional means of recruiting participants to a movement
mass
a relatively large group with a common interest, even if they may not be in close proximity
modernization
the process that increases the amount of specialization and differentiation of structure in
societies
motivational framing
a call to action
new social movement theory
a theory that attempts to explain the proliferation of postindustrial and
postmodern movements that are difficult to understand using traditional social movement theories
NGO
nongovernmental organizations working globally for numerous humanitarian and environmental
causes
prognostic framing
social movements that state a clear solution and a means of implementation
public
an unorganized, relatively diffuse group of people who share ideas
reform movements
movements that seek to change something specific about the social structure
religious/redemptive movements
movements that work to promote inner change or spiritual growth in
individuals
resistance movements
those who seek to prevent or undo change to the social structure
resource mobilization theory
a theory that explains social movements’ success in terms of their ability to
acquire resources and mobilize individuals
revolutionary movements
movements that seek to completely change every aspect of society
social change
e change in a society created through social movements as well as through external factors
like environmental shifts or technological innovations
social movement
a purposeful organized group hoping to work toward a common social goal
social movement industry
the collection of the social movement organizations that are striving toward
similar goals
social movement organization
a single social movement group
social movement sector
the multiple social movement industries in a society, even if they have widely
varying constituents and goals
value-added theory
a functionalist perspective theory that posits that several preconditions must be in
place for collective behavior to occur
