Exam three (Chapter 9, 12) Flashcards
absolute poverty
deprivation so severe that it puts day-to-day survival in jeopardy.
caste system
a system in which people are born into a social standing that they will retain their entire lives
class
a group who shares a common social status based on factors like wealth, income, education, and
occupation
class system
social standing based on social factors and individual accomplishments
class traits
the typical behaviors, customs, and norms that define each class (also called class markers)
closed system
a system of stratification that accommodates little change in social position.
conspicuous consumption
the act of buying and using products to make a statement about one’s social
standing
Davis-Moore thesis
a thesis that argues some social stratification is a social necessity and is functional
downward mobility
a lowering of one’s social class
endogamous marriages
unions of people within the same social category
exogamous unions
unions of spouses from different social categories
global stratification
a comparison of the wealth, status, power, and economic stability of countries as a
whole
ideology
the cultural belief system that justifies a society’s system of stratification
income
the money a person earns from work or investments
intergenerational mobility
a difference in social class between different generations of a family
intragenerational mobility
changes in a person’s social mobility over the course of their lifetime.
meritocracy
an ideal system in which personal effort—or merit—determines social standing
open system
a system of stratification, based on achievement, that allows some movement and interaction
between layers and classes.
primogeniture
a law stating that all property passes to the firstborn son
relative poverty
is not having the means to live the lifestyle of the average person in your country
social mobility
the ability to change positions within a social stratification system
social stratification
a socioeconomic system that divides society’s members into categories ranking from
high to low, based on things like wealth, power, and prestige. Also called inequality.
socioeconomic status (SES)
an individual’s level of wealth, power, and prestige
standard of living
the level of wealth available to acquire material goods and comforts to maintain a
particular socioeconomic lifestyle
status consistency
the consistency, or lack thereof, of an individual’s rank across social categories like
wealth, power, and prestige
structural mobility
a societal change that enables a whole group of people to move up or down the class
ladder
upward mobility
an increase—or upward shift—in social class
wealth
the value of money and assets a person has from, for example, inheritance or salary.
biological determinism
the belief that men and women behave differently due to inherent sex differences
related to their biology
doing gender
the performance of tasks based upon the gender assigned to us by society and, in turn,
ourselves
DOMA
Defense of Marriage Act, a 1996 U.S. law explicitly limiting the definition of “marriage” to a union
between one man and one woman and allowing each individual state to recognize or deny same-sex
marriages performed in other states
double standard
the concept that prohibits premarital sexual intercourse for women but allows it for men
gender
a term that refers to social or cultural distinctions of behaviors that are considered male or female
gender dysphoria
a condition listed in the DSM-5 in which people whose gender at birth is contrary to the
one they identify with. This condition replaces “gender identity disorder”
gender identity
a person’s deeply held internal perception of his or her gender
gender role
society’s concept of how men and women should behave
glass ceiling
an invisible barrier that women encounter when trying to win jobs in the highest level of
business
heterosexism
an ideology and a set of institutional practices that privilege heterosexuals and
heterosexuality over other sexual orientations
homophobia
an extreme or irrational aversion to homosexuals
intersex
people born with sex characteristics (including genitals, gonads and chromosome patterns) that do
not fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies.
misogyny
the hatred of or, aversion to, or prejudice against women
pay gap
the difference in earnings between men and women
sex
a term that denotes the presence of physical or physiological differences between males and females
sexism
the prejudiced belief that one sex should be valued over another
sexual orientation
a person’s physical, mental, emotional, and sexual attraction to a particular sex (male or
female)
sexuality
a person’s capacity for sexual feelings
social construction of sexuality
socially created definitions about the cultural appropriateness of sexlinked
behavior which shape how people see and experience sexuality
transgender
an adjective that describes individuals who identify with the behaviors and characteristics that
are other than their biological sex
