exam two

Question 1

what are three general types of ethics

Answer 1

1) metaethics
2) normative ethics
3) applied ethics

Question 2

what focuses on universal truths, and where and how ethical principles are developed

Answer 2

metaethics

Question 3

what focuses on the moral standards that regulate behaviors

Answer 3

normative ethics

Question 4

what focuses on specific difficult issues such as euthanasia, capital punishment, abortion, and health disparities

Answer 4

applied ethics

Question 5

what are attitudes, ideals, or beliefs that an individual or a group holds and uses to guide behavior

Answer 5

values

Question 6

what provide standards of behavior that guide the actions of an individual or social group and are established rules of conduct to be used in situations where a decision about right and wrong must be made

Answer 6

morals

Question 7

what is a term used to reflect what actions an individual should take and maybe “codified” as in the ethical code of a profession

Answer 7

ethics

Question 8

what are Kohlberg’s three levels of moral reasoning as a function of cognitive development

Answer 8

1) pre conventional
2) conventional
3) post conventional

Question 9

the individual is inattentive to the norms of society when responding to moral problems; instead the individual’s perspective is self-centered; at this level the individual’s wants or needs take precedence over right or wrong (stage 1 and 2)

Answer 9

pre conventional level

Question 10

characterized by moral decisions that conform to the expectations of one’s family, group, or society; the person making moral choices based on what is pleasing to others (stage 3 and 4)

Answer 10

conventional level

Question 11

involves more independent modes of thinking; individual has developed the ability to define his or her own moral values; may ignore both self-interest and group norms in making moral choices (stage 5 and 6)

Answer 11

post conventional level

Question 12

what are Gilligan’s levels of moral development

Answer 12

1) orientation to individual survival
2) a focus on goodness with recognition if self-sacrifice
3) the morality of caring and being responsible for others, as well as self

Question 13

what perspective does not look at the actions or outcomes; rather, it focuses on the intent of the act

Answer 13

deontological

Question 14

what is based on a fundamental belief that the moral rightness of an action is determined solely by its consequence

Answer 14

utilitarianism

Question 15

who first described utilitarianism

Answer 15

David Hume

Question 16

those who subscribed to utilitarian ethics believed what

Answer 16

what makes an action right or wrong is its utility, with useful actions bringing about the greatest good for the greatest number of people

Question 17

according to Aristotle, what are tendencies to act, feel, and judge that develop thorough appropriate training but come from natural tendencies