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Bio Exam 2 > Exam Tosh > Flashcards

Exam Tosh Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Protein synthesis is

A

is transcription and translation.

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2
Q

. Transcription takes place

A

inside the nucleus

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3
Q

while translation takes place in

A

takes place in the cytoplasm.

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4
Q

Transcription

A

Transcription

Section of DNA is unwound via RNA polymerase who then begins assembling
RNA nucleotides on the DNA template.
The completed portion separates and the DNA is rewound, completing

mRNA then leaves the nucleus

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5
Q

mRNA then leaves the nucleus

Translation

A

mRNA then leaves the nucleus
Translation

mRNA binds to the subunit of a ribosome.
mRNA AUG (meth) signifies start, tRNA with Met attaches to codon.
Large ribosomal subunit connects with small unit. Second tRNA arrives with amino acids and binds with site A within the ribosome.
Amino acids bond together and start to form polypeptide chain. tRNA shifts to the right leaving site a vacant.
tRNA molecule within site E is released from the ribosome and a new tRNA carrying amino acid moves to site A
Termination
Release factor binds to stop codon and initiate hydrolysis the bond to the polypeptide

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6
Q

Can more than one ribosome translate an mRNA strand at once?

A

A single mRNA can be translated simultaneously by multiple ribosomes

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7
Q

What is gene regulation ?

A

What is gene regulation and what are the three forms of gene regulation?

control of gene expression (protein production)

Self regulating; Proteins that regulate gene expression are transcribed and translated

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8
Q

What are the three forms of gene regulation?

A

Three Forms

1.Transcription factors- Promoters and enhancers

2.Micro-RNAs- interfere with mRNA

3.Alternative splicing

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9
Q

3.Alternative splicing

What are transcription factors and what do they do?

A

proteins that either promote or block the binding of RNA polymerase to the template DNA

Enhancer proteins can increase rate of transcription

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10
Q

What are introns, exons?

A

Introns: non-coding sequences

≈ 90% of gene length

Exons: sequence expressed as proteins

Alternative splicing: a process of editing a single primary transcript in different ways to yield multiple messenger RNAs; Made possible by introns

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11
Q

What are restriction enzymes and what are they used for?

A

enzymes from bacteria that are used to cut DNA into desired fragments

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12
Q

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration; describe relationship what

A

Can have established relationship where providing each others products

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13
Q

What contains the anti-codon?

A

tRNA

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14
Q

What is an anti-codon?

A

set of three ribonucleotides complementary to a specific mRNA codon sequence
Same as DNA sequence except for uracil and thymine replacement

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15
Q

What is a start codon and what is a stop codon?

A

Start codon: AUG (Methionine)

Stop codons: UAA, UAG, and UGA

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16
Q

What is a codon?

A

three base sequence of mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid

17
Q

What is RNA polymerase and what is its function?

A

RNA polymerase - enzyme that unzips double stranded DNA and synthesizes the formation of mRNA

unwinds a region of the DNA double helix, assembles RNA nucleotides on DNA template, completed portion separates from DNA, DNA is then rewound into original form.

18
Q

Where does each process occur (nucleus or cytoplasm)?

Transcription -
DNA -
Cytoplasm

Translation -

mRNA -

Ribosome -

A

Where does each process occur (nucleus or cytoplasm)?

Inside Nucleus

Transcription - section of DNA unwinds, nucleotides on DNA form base pairs with nucleotides of mRNA, creating strand of mRNA; mRNA leaves nucleus heads towards ribosome located in cytoplasm.

DNA - RNA polymerase - mRNA strand

Cytoplasm

Translation - mRNA attaches to ribosome, transfer RNA molecules transport amino acids to ribosome; chain of amino acids is linked together in the order specified by the mRNA sequence; when amino acid chain is finished and folded protein is formed.

mRNA - Ribosome - protein molecul

19
Q

What is the purpose of transcription

A

Process by which a genes base sequence is copied to mRNA

20
Q

What is the purpose of translation?

A

Translation

Process by which mRNA directs the production of a protein

21
Q

rRNA - structural component of ribosomes
What are the three binding sites in the ribosome and what occurs at each binding site

A

rRNA - structural component of ribosomes

A site: site where ribosome binds with tRNA

P site: site where amino acids are linked together

E site: site where tRNA prepares for release from ribosome

Bio Exam 2 (7 decks)

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