Questions Exam 2

Question 1

1. Describe the different phases of the cell cycle, including interphase and briefly explain what occurs during each.

Answer 1

【Explanation】:

1. The cell cycle is divided into two main stages: Interphase and the Mitotic phase. During Interphase, the cell grows (G1), replicates its DNA (S), and prepares for mitosis (G2). In the Mitotic phase, the cell undergoes mitosis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division) to produce two identical daughter cells.

【Answer】:
1. Cell Cycle: Interphase (G1, S, G2), Mitotic phase (Mitosis, Cytokinesis)

Question 2

Describe the differences between mitosis and meiosis concerning daughter cells.

Answer 2

Mitosis and Meiosis are two types of cell division. Mitosis results in two genetically identical daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. On the other hand, Meiosis produces four genetically unique daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This reduction in chromosome number is crucial for sexual reproduction.

Mitosis: 2 identical daughter cells; Meiosis: 4 unique daughter cells

Question 3

Describe the different sources of genetic variation.Genetic variation can arise from several sources, including mutation (changes in DNA sequence), recombination (reshuffling of genes during sexual reproduction), and gene flow (movement of genes from one population to another).

Answer 3

Genetic variation can arise from several sources, including mutation (changes in DNA sequence), recombination (reshuffling of genes during sexual reproduction), and gene flow (movement of genes from one population to another).

Sources of Genetic Variation: Mutation, Recombination, Gene Flow

Question 4

Explain when DNA replication occurs.

Answer 4

DNA replication occurs during the S phase of Interphase, before the cell enters the Mitotic phase. This ensures that each daughter cell receives a complete set of DNA

DNA Replication: S phase of Interphase
(DNA raps songs) mememonic

Question 5

Explain how birth control pills work.

Answer 5

Birth control pills work by delivering hormones that prevent ovulation. Without ovulation, there’s no egg available for sperm to fertilize, preventing pregnancy.

Birth Control Pills: Prevent Ovulation

Question 6

Describe protein synthesis and the two processes involved. What proteins are used in each process?

Answer 6

Protein synthesis involves two main processes: Transcription and Translation. During Transcription, an mRNA molecule is synthesized from the DNA template in the nucleus. This mRNA then moves to the cytoplasm, where it serves as a template for protein synthesis during Translation. Various proteins, such as RNA polymerase (in Transcription) and ribosomes (in Translation), play crucial roles in these processes.

6. Protein Synthesis: Transcription (RNA polymerase), Translation (Ribosomes)

(Pro ≈====protein
Soccer====synthesis
Team has a====Transcription
Registered ≈====ribosomes
Nurse ========RNA
Adult
Who is a
Tax≠≈≈=====translation
Return≈≈====ribosomes
Preparer)≈====polymerase

Question 7

Describe the relationship between
Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis:

Answer 7

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are complementary processes that are essential for the survival of most living organisms.

• Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and some other organisms use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and energy in the form of glucose.

The products of photosynthesis (oxygen and glucose) are the reactants

• Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert the energy stored in glucose into a form that the cell can use, ATP, and produce carbon dioxide and water as byproducts.

Question 8

Stages of Photosynthesis:

Answer 8

Light-dependent reactions:
- Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast.
- Splitting of water molecules, releasing electrons, protons, and oxygen.

 - Conversion of light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.

• Light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle):
  
  • Fixation of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
  • Reduction of carbon dioxide to organic compounds, primarily glucose, using the energy and reducing power (NADPH) generated in the light-dependent reactions.