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Bio Exam 2 > EXAM 3 BIO PT1 > Flashcards

EXAM 3 BIO PT1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Characteristics that are inherited.

A

Traits

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2
Q

Units of heredity made up of DNA.

A

Genes

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3
Q

Different versions of a gene.

A

Alleles

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4
Q

Observable characteristics of an individual

A

Phenotype

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5
Q

Genetic makeup of an individual.

A

Genotype

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6
Q

An allele that is expressed when present (capital letter).

A

Dominant Allele

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7
Q

an allele that is only expressed when two copies are present (lowercase letter)

A

Recessive Allele

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8
Q

Having two identical alleles for a particular gene

A

Homozygous

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9
Q

Having two different alleles for a particular gene.

A

Heterozygous

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10
Q

The father of genetics, known for his work on pea plants.

A

Mendel Gregor

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11
Q
A
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12
Q

An organism chosen for the ease of studying it scientifically.

A

model organism

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13
Q

he ratio of different phenotypes in the offspring from a genetic cross.

A

Phenotypic Ratio

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14
Q

The ratio of different genotypes in the offspring from a genetic cross.

A

*Genotypic Ratio

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15
Q

A diagram used to predict the outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment

A

Punnet Square

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16
Q
A

law of segregation

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17
Q

Dihybrid Cross

A

A cross between two different lines/genes that differ in two observed traits.

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18
Q

Breeding an individual with a phenotypically recessive individual to determine the genotype of the former.

A

Test Cross

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19
Q

Genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes.

A

Law of Independent Assortmen

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20
Q

When one allele is not completely dominant over the other.

A

Incomplete dominance

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21
Q
A

codominance

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22
Q

More than two possible alleles exist in the population for a given gene.

A

multiple alleles

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23
Q

multiple genes influence a single trait.

A

polygenic heritance

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24
Q

Traits that are clearly different from each other.

A

Discrete Traits

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25
Q

Traits that vary along a continuum and are influenced by multiple genes.

A

quantitative traits

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26
Q

A graph depicting the normal distribution of a trait.

A

bell curve

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27
Q

Disorders caused by mutations in genes on the X chromosome.

A

X linked disorders

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28
Q

dIsorders caused by mutations in genes on non-sex chromosomes (autosomes).

A

autosomal disorders

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29
Q

Traits that tend to be inherited together because the genes are close to each other on the same chromosome.

A

Linked traits

30
Q

An individual who has one copy of a recessive allele that causes a genetic disease in individuals that are homozygous for this allele.

A

Carrier

31
Q

pedigree

A

A chart that shows the presence or absence of a trait according to the relationships within a family across several generations.

32
Q

Having more than two complete sets of chromosomes.

A

polyploidy

33
Q

: Having an abnormal number of chromosomes.

A

*Aneuploidy**:

34
Q

Failure of chromosomes to separate properly during cell division.

A

nondisjunction

35
Q

genetic testing

A

Screening embryos and fetuses for genetic disorders.

36
Q

evolution

A

Change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.

37
Q

Natural selection

A

he process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

38
Q

he idea that an organism can pass on characteristics that it acquired during its lifetime to its offspring.

A

Lamarck’s theory

39
Q

Darwin’s Theory**:

A

he theory of evolution by natural selection, where organisms with traits favorable for their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.

40
Q

Alfred Russel Wallace*

A

: Naturalist who independently conceived the theory of evolution through natural selection.

41
Q

Darwin’s Four Postulates

A

Variation exists among individuals in a population; these variations are inheritable; more offspring are produced than can survive; survival and reproduction are not random.

42
Q

*Evidence for Evolution**:

A

Fossil records, comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, molecular biology, and biogeography.

43
Q

Transitional Form**:

A

Fossils or organisms that show the intermediate states between an ancestral form and that of its descendants

44
Q

*Analogous Structures

A

Body parts that share a common function but not structure.

45
Q

**Homologous Structures*

A

: Body parts that share a common structure but not function.

46
Q

Convergent Evolution**

A

The independent evolution of similar features in species of different lineages.

47
Q

Selective Pressures

A

Environmental factors that influence the survival and reproduction of organisms.

48
Q

Traits:

A
  • Characteristics that are inherited.
49
Q

Units of heredity made up of DNA.

A

genes

50
Q

alleles

A

Different versions of a gene.

51
Q

Observable characteristics of an individual.

A

phenotype

52
Q

Genetic makeup of an individual.

A

genotype

53
Q

Biotic Interchange

A

when barrier between

54
Q

define the age of the Earth and appearance of life

A

the Earth is approximately 4.5 billion years old. Prokaryotes appeared around 3.5 billion years ago, eukaryotes around 2 billion years ago, and animals roughly 600 million years ago.

55
Q

Describe types of symmetry and associated phyla

A

Asymmetry is seen in sponges (Porifera). Radial symmetry is found in cnidarians and echinoderms (adults). Bilateral symmetry is characteristic of most other animal phyla, including flatworms, annelids, mollusks, arthropods, and chordates

56
Q

Discuss types of digestion and corresponding phyla.

A

intracellular digestion occurs in sponges. Extracellular digestion is

57
Q

Outline types of skeletons and phyla.

A

Hydrostatic skeletons are found in cnidarians and annelids.

Exoskeletons are characteristic of arthropods.

Endoskeletons are present in echinoderms and chordates.

58
Q

Identify segmented phyla.

A

Segmentation is observed in annelids, arthropods, and chordates.

59
Q

Explain protostomes and deuterostomes development.

A

Protostomes develop the mouth first from the blastopore; examples include molluscs and arthropods. Deuterostomes develop the anus first from the blastopore; examples include echinoderms and chordate

60
Q

co-adaptedd

A

structures that evolve for one function

61
Q

Define invertebrates and their proportion.

A

Invertebrates lack a vertebral column. They constitute about 97% of all animal species.

62
Q

Detail characteristics of various phyla.

A

Sponges have asymmetry, no true tissues, and intracellular digestion

63
Q

Cnidarians

A

have radial symmetry, two tissue layers, and extracellular digestion.

64
Q
A

have radial symmetry, two tissue layers, and extracellular digestion.

65
Q

: Explain collar cells and osculum.

A

Collar cells (choanocytes) are sponge cells that create water currents and filter food. The osculum is the large opening at the top of a sponge through which water exits.

66
Q

Describe cnidarian life stages

A

Cnidarians have two life stages: the sessile polyp and the free-swimming medusa.

67
Q
A
68
Q

List synapomorphies of molluscs.

A

Molluscs have a radula for feeding, a muscular foot for movement, and a mantle that may secrete a shell.

69
Q

Discuss growth in phyla.

A

phyla that grow continuously include annelids and chordates. Phyla that must molt to grow include arthropods.

70
Q

Characterize chordates

A

Bio Exam 2 (7 decks)

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