Exam Three Flashcards
aerobic
with oxygen
anaerobic
without oxygen
asepsis
absence of germs or organisms
asymptomatic
without present symptoms
bactericidal
substance that kills bacteria
is biological or chemical agent that stops bacteria from reproducing without harming it
bacteriostatic
an antibiotic that acts against a wide range of disease causing bacteria
broad-spectrum antibiotics
presence and multiplication of microorganism without tissue invasion or damage
colonization
any disease that can be transmitted from one person or animal to another by direct or indirect contact by vectors
communicable disease
process of destroying all pathogenic organisms except spores
disinfection
swelling is the enlargement of organs, skin, or other body parts
edema
infection produced within a cell or organism
endogenous infection
the branch of medicine that deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of disease and other factors relating to health
epidemiology
infection originating outside an organ or part
exogenous infection
fluid, cells, or other substances that have been discharged from cells or blood vessels slowly through small pores or break in cell membranes
exudate
soft, pink, fleshy projection of tissue that form during the healing process in a wound not healing by primary intention
granulation tissue
infection that was not present or incubating at the time of admission to a health care setting
health-care acquired infection
infection due to the activity of a physician or therapy
Iatrogenic infection
having an immune system impaired or weakened
immunocompromised
invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms that reproduce and multiply
infection
involving the introduction of instruments or other objects into the body or body cavities
invasive
infection that is limited to a specific part of the body or a has local symptoms
localized infection
procedures used to reduce the number of microorganisms and prevent their spread
medical asepsis
microscopic entities such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi that are capable of carrying on living process
microorganisms
of or pertaining to death of tissue in response to disease or injury
necrotic
bacteria which are found in or on our bodies on semi-permanent basis without causing disease
normal flora
microorganism capable of producing disease
pathogens
a type of cell within the body capable of engulfing and absorbing bacteria and other small particles
phagocytes
consisting of, containing, or discharging pus
purulent
place where microorganism survive, multiply, and await transfer to a susceptible host
reservoir
related to or involving blood
sanguineous
or resembling or producing serum
serous
guidelines recommended by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention to reduce risk of transmission of blood borne and other pathogens in hospitals
standard precautions
a technique for destroying microorganism using heat, water, chemicals, and gases
sterilization
secondary infection usually caused by an opportunistic pathogen
suprainfection
procedure used to eliminate any microorganism from an area
surgical aspesis
the state or fact or being likely or liable to be influenced or harmed by a particular thing
susceptibility
the formation or discharge of pus
suppurative
serving as a symptom or sign, especially of something undersirable
symptomatic
of or relating to a system, especially as opposed to a particular area
systemic
an organism, typically a biting insect or tick, that transmits a disease
vector
ability of an organism to rapidly produce disease
virulence
an excessive acid condition of the body fluids or tissue
acidosis
movement of materials across the cell membrane by means of chemical activity that allows the cell to admit larger molecules that would otherwise be possible
active transport
an excessive alkaline condition of the body fluids or tissue that may cause weakness or cramps
alkalosis
difference between the concentration of serum cation and anions; determined by measuring the concentration of sodium cation and chloride and bicarbonate anions
anion gap
negatively charged electrolytes
anions
test measures the acidity and the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood from an artery
arterial blood gases
procedure in which blood is removed from a donor and stored for a variable period before it is returned to the donors own circulation
autologous transfusion
substance or group of substance that can absorb or release hydrogen ions to correct an acid-base imbalance
buffer
positively charged electrolytes
cations
Abnormal condition of the kidney caused by the pressure of concentration of large particles such as protein molecule that will pass through a membrane
colloid osmotic pressure
a substance in which microscopically dispersed insoluble particle are suspended throughout another substance
colloids
a substance that, when dissolved, forms a true solution rather then a colloid and is able to pass through semipermeable membrane
crystalloid
excessive loss of water from the body tissue accompanied by a disturbance of body electrolytes
dehydration
element or compound that, when melted or dissolved in water or other solvent, dissociates into ions and can carry an electrical current
electrolytes
Pieces of medical equipment that delivers intravenous fluids at a prescribed rate through an intravenous catherer
electronic infusion device
portion of body fluids composed of the interstitial fluid and blood plasma
extracellular fluid
fluid and electrolytes disorder characterized by an increase in fluid retention and edema,, resulting from failure of bodily homeostatic mechanisms to regulate the retention and excretion of body fluids
fluid volume deficit
the volume of the body fluids, including both intracellular and extracellular fluid is more then enough
fluid volume excess
a discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into tissue
extravasation
straining of fluid through a membrane
filtration
a substance that has no fixed shape and yields easily to external pressure
fluid
pressure cased by a liquid
hydrostatic pressure
greater-than-normal amount of calcium in the blood
hypercalcemia
greater-than-normal amount of potassium in the blood
hyperkalemia
abnormally low circulation blood volume
hypovolemia
dislodging an intravenous catheter or needle from a vein into the subcutaneous space
infiltration
fluid that fills the space between most of the cells of the body and provides a substantial portion of the liquid environment of the body
interstitial fluid
liquid within the cell membrane
intracellular fluid
fluid circulating within the blood vessels of the body
intravenous fluid
an electrically charged atom or group of atoms formed by the loss or gain of one or more electrons
ions
situation in which two solutions have the same concentration of solute; therefore both solution exert the same osmotic pressure
isotonic
abnormal condition of high hydrogen ion concentration in the extracellular fluid caused by either a primary increase in hydrogen ions or a decrease in bicarbonate
metabolic acidosis
abnormal condition characterized by the significant loss of acid from the body or increased levels of bicarbonate
metabolic alkalosis
movement of pure solvent through a semipermeable membrane from a solution with a lower solute concentration to one with a higher solute concentration
osmosis
drawing power for water, which depends on the number of molecules in the solution
osmotic pressure
inflammation of the vein
phlebitis
abnormal condition characterized by decreased arterial carbon dioxide concentration and hydrogen ions concentration
respiratory acidosis
abnormal condition characterized by decreased arterial carbon dioxide concentration and hydrogen ions concentration
respiratory alkalosis
portion of total body water contained within epithelial lined spaces
transcellular fluid
systemic response by the body to the administration of blood incompatible with that of the recipient
transfusion reaction
catheters, cannula, or infusion ports designed for long-termed, repeated access to the vascular system
vascular access devices
technique in which a vein is punctured transcutaneously by a sharp needle attached to a syringe
venipuncture
process of adapting to and adopting a new culture
acculturation
to become absorbed into another culture and adopt its characteristics
assimilation
having or combining the cultural attitudes and customs of two nations, peoples, or ethic groups
bicultural
intergrated patterns of human behavior that include the language, thoughts, communications, actions, customs, beliefs, values, and institutions of racial, ethnic, religious, or social group
culture
adapting or negotiation with the patient/families to achieve beneficial or satisfying health outcomes
cultural care accommodation or negotiation
retaining and/or preserving relevant care values so patient are able to maintain their well-being, recover form illness, or face handicaps and/or death
cultural care preservation or maintenance
recording, changing, or greatly modifying a patients/families customs for a new, different, and beneficial health care pattern
cultural care repatterning or restructuring
process in which the health care professional continually strives to achieve the ability and availability to work effectively with individuals, families, and communities
cultural competence
using one’s own values and custom as an absolute guide in interpreting behaviors
Cultural imposition
feeling that a patient has after a health care worker disregards the patient’s valued way of life
cultural pain
care that fits people’s valued life patterns and sets of meanings generated from the people themselves
culturally congruent care
illnesses restricted to a particular culture or group because of its psychosocial characteristics
culture-bound syndromes
insider or native perspective
emic worldview
the gradual acquisition of the characteristics and norms of a culture or group by a person, another culther, ect
enculturation
shared identity related to social and cultural heritage such as values, language, geographical space, and racial characteristics
ethnicity
significant historical experience of a particular group
ethnohistory
outsider’s perspective
etic worldview
nonblood kin; consider family in some collective culture
fictive
kinship that is limited to only the mother’s side
matrilineal
attribute illness to natural, impersonal, and biological forces that cause alteration in the equilibrium of the human body
Naturalistic practitioner
believe that an external agent, which ban be human or nonhuman, causes health and illness
personlistic practitioner
kinship that is limited to the father’s side
patrilineal
ritual event that marks a person’s transition from one status to another
rites of passage
various ethnic, religious, and other group with distinct characteristics from the dominant culture
subcultural
distinct discipline developed by Leininger that focuses on the comparative study of cultures to understand similarities and difference among groups of people
trans cultural nursing
to cause partiality or favoritism in (a person); influence, especially unfairly
bias
has been defined in a very structured manner by the Institute of Medicine as a “systematically developed statement to assist practitioner and patient decisions about appropriate health care for specific clinical circumstances.”
clinical guideline
act of keeping information private or secret; in health care the nursefs only shares information about a patient with other nursed or heath care providers who need to know private information about a patient to provide care for him or her
confidentiality
sense experience, empirical knowledge, or the a posteriori) is a source of knowledge acquired by means of observation or experimentation
Empirical data
determination of the extent to which established patient goals have been achieved
evaluation
use of current best evidence from nursing research, clinical expertise, practice trends, and patient preferences to guide nursing decision about care provide to patients
evidence-based practice
is a type of evaluation that seeks to determine whether a program or intervention had the intended causal effect on program participants.
experimental study
a general statement or concept obtained by inference from specific cases.
generalization
a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.
hypothesis
is reasoning in which the premises seek to supply strong evidence for (not absolute proof of) the truth of the conclusion
inductive reasoning
process of obtaining permission from a patient to perform a specific test or procedure after describing all risks, sided effects, and benefits
informed consent
is research that provides evidence used to support nursing practices.
nursing research
evaluation of scientific, academic, or professional work by others working in the same field.
peer review
PICOT stands for
Population/ Patient Problem: Who is your patient? (Disease or Health status, age, race, sex)
Intervention: What do you plan to do for the patient? (Specific tests, therapies, medications)
Comparison: What is the alternative to your plan? (ie. No treatment, different type of treatment, etc.)
Outcome: What outcome do you seek? (Less symptoms, no symptoms, full health, etc.)
refers to any research based on something that can be accurately and precisely measured
quantitative research
refers to any research based on something that is impossible to accurately and precisely measure
qualitative research
consistently good in quality or performance; able to be trusted.
reliable
is a step-by-step process of developing a research paper. As you progress from one step to the next, it is commonly necessary to backup, revise, add additional material or even change your topic completely
research process
codified sequence of steps used in the formulation, testing, evaluation, and reporting of scientific ideas
scientific method
an element, feature, or factor that is liable to vary or change.
variables
