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Immunology and Serology > Exam Three > Flashcards

Exam Three Flashcards

1
Q

What are the molecules used by Tc cells to induce apoptosis of the target cells?

A

fas-L, granzyme, and perforin

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2
Q

What is the first event that triggers an adaptive immune response?

A

The interaction of a naïve T cell with an APC cell.

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3
Q

CD28 and/or ICOS provide costimulatory signals to _____

A

naive T cells

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4
Q

What characteristics do TI antigens have?

A

The characteristics of both bacterial cell wall components and capsular polysaccharides

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5
Q

Which immunoglobulin isotype CANNOT be produced by memory B cells?

A

IgM

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6
Q

Which type of T cell is most important to regulate B-cell activity and differentiation?

A

Tfh

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7
Q

What kind of response is provoked by protein antigens regarding B-cell responses?

A

TD (T-cell dependent)

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8
Q

What are the effector molecules of humoral immunity?

A

Dendritic cells

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9
Q

What type of immunoglobulin is able to protect the fetus by crossing the placenta?

A

IgG

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10
Q

Where do Naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells leave to enter circulation?

A

the thymus

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11
Q

What type of immunoglobulin are good at agglutination?

A

IgM

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12
Q

What peptides do TH cells recognize?

A

MHC class II -peptides

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13
Q

What type of immunoglobulin is able to protect the newborn baby through breast milk?

A

IgA

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14
Q

True or False: Memory cells provide an almost immediate response upon subsequent exposure to a specific pathogen

A

TRUE

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15
Q

True or False: T-independent antigens are rarely carbohydrates

A

FALSE

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16
Q

What type of immunoglobulin can cause degranulation of mast cells?

A

IgE

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17
Q

True or False: MHC tetramers are a novel way to detect and follow specific T-cell populations.

A

TRUE

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18
Q

What regulates allergic reactions?

A

Treg cells

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19
Q

Which Ab has the most potent roles in inducing allergy and immunity to worm infections?

A

IgE

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20
Q

Which Th cell subset is MOST likely to be generated in response to coronavirus infection?

A

Th1

21
Q

Which T helper cell type inhibits inflammation?

A

Tfh

22
Q

What is the first immunoglobulin isotype produced during the course of a primary immune response?

A

IgM

23
Q

Which Ab has the biggest molecular weight?

A

IgM

24
Q

What is a naive T-cell?

A

a T cell that has not yet encountered an antigen

25
Q

Which class of antibodies is good at fixing complement?

A

IgG

26
Q

Polarizing cytokines: IL-12

Master gene regulator:

A

T-bet

27
Q

Polarizing cytokines: IL-6 and TGF-beta

Master gene regulator:

A

RORgammat

28
Q

Polarizing cytokines: IL-2 and TGF-beta

Master gene regulator:

A

FoxP3

29
Q

Polarizing cytokines: IL-6 and IL-21

Master gene regulator:

A

Bcl-6

30
Q

What is MHC I’s signaling counterpart?

A

CTL-TCR

31
Q

What is MHC II’s signaling counterpart?

A

TH-TCR

32
Q

What is IgG’s signaling counterpart?

A

FcyR

33
Q

What is CD28’s signaling counterpart?

A

B7-1 or B7-2

34
Q

What is a Superantigen’s signaling counterpart?

A

TCR/MHC II

35
Q

Superantigen

A

Viral and bacterial proteins that bind to specific Vβ regions of TCRs and α chain of class II MHC molecules

36
Q

Costimulatory signal

A

The signal required to induce proliferation of antigen-primed T cells, generated by interaction
of CD28 on T cells with CD80/86 on antigen-presenting cells.

37
Q

Extravasation

A

Movement of leukocytes through an unruptured vessel wall into the surrounding tissue at sites of inflammation.

38
Q

GC dark zone

A

The portion of the germinal center densely packed with proliferating B cells

39
Q

high-endothelial venules (HEVs)

A

the location where lymphocytes exit the bloodstream and enter directly into a lymph node

40
Q

Affinity maturation

A

the increase in average antibody affinity for an antigen that occurs during an immune response and later, same-antigen exposures

41
Q

Ig class switch recombination

A

Process in the GC where the constant regions on proliferating B cells’ Ig heavy chain can switch from expressing one class of Ig to another.

42
Q

Neutralization

A

An antibody-mediated effector function that protects against viral/bacterial infection and the damaging effects of toxins

43
Q

Adjuvants

A

Factors added to a vaccine to enhance immune response by activating innate immune cells

44
Q

Complement fixation

A

The process of binding serum to the product formed by the specific antibody and antigen of the serum complement bound together.

45
Q

Explain how CTL cells recognize infected cells and the mechanisms used by CTLs to kill the target cells

A

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes recognize infected cells by activating TCRs and killing the target cells by making a CTL-target cell conjugate and using cytoplasmic rearrangement, leading to granule exocytosis which causes the target cell to go through apoptosis. The way of initiating this apoptosis can be through directional delivery of cytotix proteins or interaction of membrane-bound Fas on CTLs and surface Fas on target cells.

46
Q

Explain how TH1/TH2 cells cross-regulate one another.

A

Cytokines assist with this cross-regulation. IFN-γ (Th1) inhibits IgG1/IgE class switching (Th2). IL-4 (Th2) inhibits production of IgG2a (Th1). Master regulators T-bet and GATA3 commit T cells to one subset and against the other. T-bet supresses Th2 pathway gene expression, and GATA3 suppresses the same for Th1.

47
Q

NK cells do not express TCR, yet bind to class I MHC molecules on potential target cells. Explain how NK cells lacking TCRs can specifically recognize virally infected cells?

A

NK cells recognize virally-infected cells using the missing self model. Normal cells will present a ligand for the activating receptor on NK cells as well as a MHC class I ligand for the inhibitory receptor. The balance of these inhibitory and activating signals produced determines if the NK is activated or not.

48
Q

Suppose you are using a mouse strain that lacks GATA-3 gene (GATA-3 deficient mice) to do experiments and you find that this mouse has a difficult time clearing helminth (worm) infections. Why might this be?

A

GATA-3 is the master gene regulator that produces the cytokine IL-4 which is known to prevent worm infection through eosinophil activities. Therefore, this mouse probably has a hard time because there is no immune defense against the worms.

Immunology and Serology (9 decks)

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