Exam One Flashcards
Autoimmune diseases are due to failure of
tolerance
Which signaling pathway is mediated by AP-1?
MAP kinase pathway
What is known for its antiviral properties?
TNF-alpha
Which of the following cells are the most abundant leukocytes?
Neutrophils
What can bind on CD80/86 of antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?
CD28
Which regions of Igs do they use to bind on antigens?
Fab
Which of the following cells is a lymphocyte? A. T cells B. Macrophages C. Mast Cells D. Erythrocytes
A. T Cells
What molecule can be spontaneously activated in the complement pathways?
C3
What can be used to describe the overall affinity of multivalent receptors and their ligands?
Avidity
What is the condition in which the immune system attacks self-antigens?
autoimmunity
What is the major TCR type?
alpha-beta
What is the small subset TCR type?
gamma-delta
What cell can differentiate into the GREATEST variety of cells during hematopoiesis?
Lymphoid progenitor
What cell is responsible for the secretion of immunoglobulins?
Plasma Cell (All B cells, but, this is a type, so know that).
What factors have the potential to impact immune homeostasis in favor of inflammation?
- Diet
- stress
- microbiome composition
True or False: Dendritic Cells (DCs) can give rise to platelets.
FALSE
What is a by-product of adaptive humoral immunity?
antibodies
True or False: Cytokines are soluble and induce chemotaxis
TRUE
Where are immune responses initiated in?
Spleen and lymph nodes
What molecule is a complement protein?
CD3
What do antibodies consist of?
Two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains
True or False: MBL is the initiating molecule in the classic complement pathway
FALSE: IgM is the initiating molecule in the classic complement pathway
The formation of the MAC can be inhibited by _________.
Factor I
True or False: Antigens are recognized by T cells or B cells
TRUE
Define immunity.
The state of protection from infection
What destroys microbial proteins in phagosomes?
digestive enzymes
TLR3 matches with ______
viral dsRNA
TLR4 matches with _____
LPS
TLR5 matches with _____
flagellin
TLR7 matches with _____
ssRNA
TLR9 matches with _____
CpG DNA
Name the heavy chain types
A (alpha), D (delta), G (gamma), E (epsilon), and M (mu)
Complement
The complement system enhances phagocytic cells and antibodies to link innate and adaptive responses to enhance host defense against infection.
CD3
The signal transduction element of TCRs (T cell receptors). Not found in B cells or NK cells. CD3s are phosphorylated on ITAMS (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif), and the CD3 complex contains ITAMs that transmit the signal to the cell.
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
Cells that have the ability to differentiate into many different types of blood cells, like leukocytes, through hematopoiesis into either common myeloid or common lymphoid progenitor cells. HSCs begin in the kidney and end up in the bone marrow.
RIG-I receptor
A pattern recognition receptor that recognizes viral double-stranded RNA.
Opsonization
the process of aiding ingestion and destruction of complement-coated bacteria via phagocytes, such as with CR1.
Effector cells
Cells with immune functions mediated by cytokines.
Passive immunity
Immunity obtained from a source other than one’s self, such as naturally through the placenta or breast milk from a mother or through artificial administration, such as with anti-venom after a snake bite.
Primary immunodeficiency
A loss of immune function due to genetics, such as lupus.
Phagocytosis
Engulfment and internalization of materials for destruction and transformation into digestion products. Most commonly done by macrophages.
Hinge region of Ig
segment between the Fc and Fab regions of an Ig heavy chain. Gives flexibility to the molecule and allows the two antigen-binding sites to function independently
List five attributes of adaptive immunity
- Reponse time takes days
- the response adapts to improve during the course of the immune response
- the response to a repeat infection continues to improve in speed and effectiveness with each subsequent exposure
- Uses T and B lymphocytes, antigen-specific receptors, and antibodies
- When self/nonself discrimination fails, autoimmune diseases come into effect
List two primary and two secondary lymphoid organs and summarize their functions in the immune response.
Primary lymphoid organs: Bone marrow and thymus. These are where immune cells develop.
Secondary lymphoid organs: Lymph nodes and spleen. This is where lymphocytes encounter antigens to become activated and undergo clonal expansion before differentiating into effector cells
