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Immunology and Serology > Exam One > Flashcards

Exam One Flashcards

1
Q

Autoimmune diseases are due to failure of

A

tolerance

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2
Q

Which signaling pathway is mediated by AP-1?

A

MAP kinase pathway

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3
Q

What is known for its antiviral properties?

A

TNF-alpha

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4
Q

Which of the following cells are the most abundant leukocytes?

A

Neutrophils

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5
Q

What can bind on CD80/86 of antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?

A

CD28

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6
Q

Which regions of Igs do they use to bind on antigens?

A

Fab

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7
Q 
Which of the following cells is a lymphocyte?
A. T cells
B. Macrophages
C. Mast Cells
D. Erythrocytes
A

A. T Cells

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8
Q

What molecule can be spontaneously activated in the complement pathways?

A

C3

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9
Q

What can be used to describe the overall affinity of multivalent receptors and their ligands?

A

Avidity

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10
Q

What is the condition in which the immune system attacks self-antigens?

A

autoimmunity

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11
Q

What is the major TCR type?

A

alpha-beta

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12
Q

What is the small subset TCR type?

A

gamma-delta

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13
Q

What cell can differentiate into the GREATEST variety of cells during hematopoiesis?

A

Lymphoid progenitor

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14
Q

What cell is responsible for the secretion of immunoglobulins?

A

Plasma Cell (All B cells, but, this is a type, so know that).

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15
Q

What factors have the potential to impact immune homeostasis in favor of inflammation?

A
  1. Diet
  2. stress
  3. microbiome composition
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16
Q

True or False: Dendritic Cells (DCs) can give rise to platelets.

A

FALSE

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17
Q

What is a by-product of adaptive humoral immunity?

A

antibodies

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18
Q

True or False: Cytokines are soluble and induce chemotaxis

A

TRUE

19
Q

Where are immune responses initiated in?

A

Spleen and lymph nodes

20
Q

What molecule is a complement protein?

A

CD3

21
Q

What do antibodies consist of?

A

Two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains

22
Q

True or False: MBL is the initiating molecule in the classic complement pathway

A

FALSE: IgM is the initiating molecule in the classic complement pathway

23
Q

The formation of the MAC can be inhibited by _________.

A

Factor I

24
Q

True or False: Antigens are recognized by T cells or B cells

A

TRUE

25
Q

Define immunity.

A

The state of protection from infection

26
Q

What destroys microbial proteins in phagosomes?

A

digestive enzymes

27
Q

TLR3 matches with ______

A

viral dsRNA

28
Q

TLR4 matches with _____

A

LPS

29
Q

TLR5 matches with _____

A

flagellin

30
Q

TLR7 matches with _____

A

ssRNA

31
Q

TLR9 matches with _____

A

CpG DNA

32
Q

Name the heavy chain types

A

A (alpha), D (delta), G (gamma), E (epsilon), and M (mu)

33
Q

Complement

A

The complement system enhances phagocytic cells and antibodies to link innate and adaptive responses to enhance host defense against infection.

34
Q

CD3

A

The signal transduction element of TCRs (T cell receptors). Not found in B cells or NK cells. CD3s are phosphorylated on ITAMS (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif), and the CD3 complex contains ITAMs that transmit the signal to the cell.

35
Q

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)

A

Cells that have the ability to differentiate into many different types of blood cells, like leukocytes, through hematopoiesis into either common myeloid or common lymphoid progenitor cells. HSCs begin in the kidney and end up in the bone marrow.

36
Q

RIG-I receptor

A

A pattern recognition receptor that recognizes viral double-stranded RNA.

37
Q

Opsonization

A

the process of aiding ingestion and destruction of complement-coated bacteria via phagocytes, such as with CR1.

38
Q

Effector cells

A

Cells with immune functions mediated by cytokines.

39
Q

Passive immunity

A

Immunity obtained from a source other than one’s self, such as naturally through the placenta or breast milk from a mother or through artificial administration, such as with anti-venom after a snake bite.

40
Q

Primary immunodeficiency

A

A loss of immune function due to genetics, such as lupus.

41
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Engulfment and internalization of materials for destruction and transformation into digestion products. Most commonly done by macrophages.

42
Q

Hinge region of Ig

A

segment between the Fc and Fab regions of an Ig heavy chain. Gives flexibility to the molecule and allows the two antigen-binding sites to function independently

43
Q

List five attributes of adaptive immunity

A
  1. Reponse time takes days
    1. the response adapts to improve during the course of the immune response
    2. the response to a repeat infection continues to improve in speed and effectiveness with each subsequent exposure
    3. Uses T and B lymphocytes, antigen-specific receptors, and antibodies
    4. When self/nonself discrimination fails, autoimmune diseases come into effect
44
Q

List two primary and two secondary lymphoid organs and summarize their functions in the immune response.

A

Primary lymphoid organs: Bone marrow and thymus. These are where immune cells develop.
Secondary lymphoid organs: Lymph nodes and spleen. This is where lymphocytes encounter antigens to become activated and undergo clonal expansion before differentiating into effector cells

Immunology and Serology (9 decks)

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