exam things

Question 1

rostral

Answer 1

directional term, (in humans) towards the forehead for the brain/also means higher in reference to spinal cord and brainstem

Question 2

caudal

Answer 2

directional term, (in humans) towards the spinal cord for the brain/also means lower in reference to spinal cord and brainstem

Question 3

cerebrum

Answer 3

also called forebrain, largest part of the brain

Question 4

cerebellum

Answer 4

separated from the forebrain via the transverse cerebral fissure, second largest region of the brain.

Question 5

brainstem

Answer 5

the lower portion of the brain, includes: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

Question 6

gray vs white matter

Answer 6

white matter has myelin covering the axons while grey does not.

Gray mainly processes information, collects info, (forms the cortex, over the cerebrum and cerebellum)

white mainly connect grey matter to grey matter (ie: spinal to brain) and grey matter to other parts of the body. (in the deeper part of the brain)

note - inverse (grey inside and white outside) for the spinal cord

Question 7

ectoderm

Answer 7

outermost layer of an embryo

Question 8

early neural development

Answer 8

-ectoderm thickens to form the neural plate
-the plate folds inward to form the neural groove
-the sides rise up to fuse together and become a neural tube, which would form the brain and spinal cord
-4th week, the tube sections off into three parts, forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. (primary vesicles)
-5th week, secondary vesicles appear, forebrain becomes telencephalon and diencephalon, midbrain doesn’t split and becomes mesencephalon, and hindbrain splits into metencephalon and myelencephalon.

Question 9

telencephalon

Answer 9

from forebrain, becomes the cerebral hemispheres

Question 10

diencephalon

Answer 10

from forebrain, becomes thalamus and hypothalamus and optic vesicles (become retinas)

Question 11

metencephalon

Answer 11

from hindbrain, becomes pons and cerebellum

Question 12

myelencephalon

Answer 12

from hindbrain, becomes medulla oblongata

Question 13

meninges (?)

Answer 13

three membranes that envelope the brain, in between the nervous tissue and bone. protects the brain, gives structure to the blood vessels.

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

Question 14

arteries

Answer 14

blood vessels that are rich in oxygen, going away from the lungs and towards something

Question 15

veins

Answer 15

blood vessels that lack oxygen, going back to the lungs

Question 16

ventricles

Answer 16

a fluid filled chamber of the brain or heart

Question 17

inferior

Answer 17

lower/below

Question 18

ventricles order

Answer 18

lateral ventricles (an arch in each cerebral hemisphere) (1,2)–> interventricular foramen –> third ventricle (3) –> cerebral aqueduct –> fourth ventricle –> central canal (medulla oblongata into spinal cord)

Question 19

Choroid plexus

Answer 19

spongy mass of blood capillaries on the inner lining of the ventricle (not all over the ventricle tho, some parts of it)

Question 20

ependyma

Answer 20

type of neuroglia that covers choroid plexus, produces cerebrospinal fluid

Question 21

neuroglia

Answer 21

Any of the cells that hold nerve cells in place and help them work the way they should

Question 22

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Answer 22

clear, colorless liquid - fills ventricles, canals, and bathes external surface of CNS

500mL produces per day
40% formed in subarachnoid space
30% ependymal lining
30% choroid plexuses

Question 23

Flow of CSF

Answer 23

1. secreted via choroid plexus from latera ventricle
2. flows through interventricular foramina into 3rd ventricle
3. pick up more csf from the choroid plexus in 3rd ventricle
4. flows down cerebral aqueduct to 4th ventricle
5. choroid plexus in fourth ventricle adds more CSF
6. CSF flows out out of median aperture and two lateral apertures.
   7.fills the subarachnoid space and bathes the external surfaces of the brain and spinal cord.
7. at arachnoid villi, csf, is reabsorbed by arachnoid granulations