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anatomy > exam 1-3 > Flashcards

exam 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

This epithelial tissue’s shape and arrangement allow it to withstand variations in pressure and volume. This tissue is

A

transitional epithelium

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2
Q

Which of these following is an incorrect pairing?
loose connective tissue - areolar tissue
dense irregular tissue - dermis
dense connective tissue - ligament
loose regular connective tissue - adipose tissue

A

loose regular connective tissue - adipose tissue

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3
Q

the brush border is comprised of __ and found is found in tissue from the __

A

microvilli, small intestine

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4
Q

peroxisomes decompose __ into two carbon fragments that can be used to make ATP

A

fatty acids

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5
Q

nervous tissues predominantly of two cell types, neurons and __.

A

neuroglia - cells that hold neurons in place to help them function the way they should

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6
Q

__ tissues respond quickly to outside stimuli by means of changes in membrane potential

A

excitable

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7
Q

proteins embedded in the plasma membrane can have which of the following functions

A

receptors, carrier proteins, enzymes

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8
Q

feeling structures with your fingertips is called __. whereas tapping on the body and listening for sounds of abnormalities is called

A

palpation, percussion

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9
Q

what are the three common components of a feedback loop?

A

receptor, integrating (control) center, and effector

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10
Q

Organ systems are a level in the hierarchy of complexity in biology. all the following are human organ systems except….

A

epidermal

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11
Q

goblet cells and cells with microvilli are characteristic of ___.

A

simple columnar epithelium

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12
Q

the primary means of water movement between body fluid compartment is __.

A

osmosis

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13
Q

solutes are hydrophilic are those that

A

dissolve easily in water because they contain polar covalent bonds

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14
Q

Which of the following is true for molecules that compose membranes in your body?
a. membrane glycolipids easily flip-flop from the external to the internal half of the bilayer
b. membrane phospholipids easily move sideways in their own half of the bilayer
c. membrane cholesterol weakens the bilayer but makes it more fluid at normal body temperature
d. the kinks in the fatty acid tails, due to the double bonds, help membrane phospholipids pack more tightly in the bilayer

A

b. membrane phospholipids easily move sideways in their own half of the bilayer

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15
Q

organelles containing digestive enzymes that destroy material engulfed by phagocytes are

A

lysosomes

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16
Q

the type of membrane molecule that would be most likely to function as a transporter is

A

a glycoprotein

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17
Q

which of the following both require expenditure of cellular energy (ATP)?
a. osmosis and vesicular transport
b. secondary active transport and vesicular transport
c. facilitated diffusion and vesicular transport
d. secondary active transport and facilitated diffusion

A

b. secondary active transport and vesicular transport

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18
Q

the main monosaccharide in your blood plasma is

A

glucose

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19
Q

in water, hydrogen bonds form between

A

hydrogen in one water molecule and oxygen in another water molecule

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20
Q

which of the following terms includes all of the others?
eicosanoid, triglyceride, fatty acid, lipid

A

lipid

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21
Q

during active transport across a plasma membrane

A

a substance my be moved from where it is less concentrated to where it is more concentrated

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22
Q

carbon dioxide moves from your blood into exhaled air by

A

simple diffusion

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23
Q

which of the highest H+ concentration?
lemon juice
red wine
tomato juice
household ammonia

A

lemon juice

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24
Q

we live in an ever changing environment outside of our body, yet our internal conditions remain relatively stable. this is called

A

homeostasis

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25
Q

a physiological___ is a difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variables between one point and another

A

gradient

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26
Q

metabolism is a sum of all __ change

A

internal chemical change

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27
Q

eye color is caused by genes at multiple loci, this phenomenon is called

A

polygenic inheritance

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28
Q

which organelle synthesizes steroids in the ovary and stores calcium in muscle cells?

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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29
Q

the ___ is not a membranous organelle

A

ribosome

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30
Q

___play an important role in cell division, and are made of ___

A

centrioles, microtubules

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31
Q

the interphase of the cycle includes
1. G1 phase
2. mitosis
3. s phase
4. cytokinesis
5. g2 phase

A

1,3,5

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32
Q

chromosomes lines up along the equator of a cell during

A

metaphase

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33
Q

a cell finishing mitosis has ___ dna molecules, while a cell finishing the S phase of the cell cycle has __ dna molecules

A

46,92

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34
Q

___opens up one segment of the DNA helix during replication, ___ adds complementary free nucleotides to exposed DNA strand

A

dna helicase, dna polymerase

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35
Q

channel protein gates respond to all these stimuli except…
ligands, changes in electrical potential (voltage) across a cellular membrane, water in extracellular fluid, chemical messengers

A

water in the extracellular fluids

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36
Q

blood calcium levels are controlled by a negative feedback mechanism. when blood calcium levels are ___, parathyroid hormone levels___. this causes calcium to be ____bone

A

low, increase, released from

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37
Q

a(n) ___reaction is a chemical reaction that removes electrons from an atom

A

oxidation

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38
Q

the chemical properties of an atom are determined by it’s

A

electrons

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39
Q

___ is/are responsible for the support, organization of contents, and movement of contents within the cell

A

the cytoskeleton

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40
Q

most transmembrane proteins have ___regions facing the intra- and extracellular fluid, and ___ regions embedded in the phospholipid bilayer

A

hydrophilic, hydrophobic

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41
Q

The function of the skeletal system is to
a. protect various organs
b. store triglycerides
c. allow movement
d. all the above are correct

A

all the above

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42
Q

which of the following cells are not found in the epidermis?
a. keratinocytes
b. melanocytes
c. fibroblasts
d. stem cells

A

fibroblasts

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43
Q

the cortex of the long bone’s diaphysis is made of___

A

compact bone

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44
Q

a shorter, seventy-year old chinese women comes to you with a broken hip. which test do you order to check for osteoporosis?

A

a bone mineral density test

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45
Q

which cells are stimulated by the hormones calcitriol and PTH (parathyroid hormone)?

A

osteoclasts

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46
Q

the ___ is an example of bone is an organ, ___bone is an example of bone as a tissue

A

femur, spongy

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47
Q

osteoclts___

A

are formed from the fusion of cells from red bone marrow, numbers are regulated by estrogen

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48
Q

Which of the following statements about mammary glands is true?
a. mammary glands are modified apocrine sweat glands
b. all breasts have functioning mammary glands that produce milk
c. primates typically have 4 milk lines
d. all the above

A

all the above

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49
Q

A long bone is covered externally with a sheath called the ___, whereas the marrow cavity is lined with the ___.

A

periosteum, endosteum

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50
Q

skin…

A

has an acidic pH that retards the growth of microbes, contains melanin that prevents UV damage to cells, helps control body temperature via vasoconstriction and vasodilation

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51
Q

collagen is synthesized by

A

osteoblasts, fibroblasts, chondroblasts

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52
Q

the process of dissolving bone and returning it’s minerals to the bloodstream is known as ____.

A

resorption

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53
Q

how can a fingernail enhance sensitivity to surrounding tissue?

A

by providing a counterforce to the fingertip

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54
Q

skin covering the ___ has sweat glands but not hair follicles or sebaceous glands

A

fingertips

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55
Q

Part of long bone was found. To identify it as an adult’s bone, scientists will look for

A

epiphyseal line and yellow bone marrow

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56
Q

hardness of bone comes from ___, whereas ____provides some degree of flexibility

A

hydroxyapatite and other minerals, proteins

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57
Q

The joint between the diaphysis of the radius and the ulna is____

A

syndesmosis

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58
Q

synthesized by the combined action of the skin, kidneys, and liver, ____promotes bone resorption but is also necessary for bone deposition

A

calcitriol

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59
Q

one example of a multiaxial joint is the ___joint

A

humeroscapaular

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60
Q

which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the healing of a bone fracture?

A

hematoma formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation, bone remodeling

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61
Q

radial (lateral) and ulnar (medial) collateral ligaments restrict side to side movement ____joint

A

elbow

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62
Q

a meniscus could be found in which joint?

A

knee

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63
Q

muscle fibers are arranged in bundles called

A

fascicles

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64
Q

the joint between the first costal cartilage and the sternum is a ____, whereas the other costal cartilages are joined to the sternum by ____ joints

A

synchondrosis, synovial

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65
Q

which protein holds the thick filaments in place and anchors it to the z discs and M line?

A

titin

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66
Q

correctly match the proteins to their functions

A

actin and myosin - motor proteins

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67
Q

the ___muscle arrangement allows you to pucker your lips for whistling

A

obicularis

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68
Q

recruitment occurs ___ an increase in strength of contraction

A

when increasing the strength of a stimulus causes

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69
Q

which of the following is not an an anatomical component of a synovial joint?

A

the interosseous membrane

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70
Q

what term best describes the relationship between a muscle that pronates the forearm (the pronator quadratus) and muscle that supinates the forearm (the supinator)?

A

antagonists

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71
Q

a motor unit is composed of

A

muscle fiber and motor neuron

72
Q

___occurs when increasing the frequency of a stimulus cause an increase in the strength of contraction

A

wave summation

73
Q

the ___ is the site where acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors on the motor end plate

A

neuromuscular junction

74
Q

which muscles can contract without the need for nervous stimulation?

A

smooth and cardiac muscle

75
Q

a person starts from rest and runs very fast for 2 mins. the energy for muscle contraction is provided by ….

A

creatine phosphate and anaerobic respiration

76
Q

where would you expect to find numerous gap junctions in muscular tissue?

A

the intercalated discs of cardiac muscle

77
Q

the transfer of phosphate from CP (creatine phosphate) to ADP is catalyzed by

A

creatine kinase

78
Q

all the following statements are correct regarding muscles except

A

the calcium pump is located on the t-tubule (remember this is wrong)

79
Q

which of the following is not a purpose of the excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) in muscle?

A

to neutralize carbon dioxide buildup

80
Q

an increase of muscle tension while it maintains constant length is called

A

an isometric contraction

81
Q

This structural class of neurons is characterized by having only one dendrite and one axon

A

Bipolar neurons

82
Q

The trigger zone is a region in the neuron that activates and initiates the propagation of the action potential. Which two structures form part of this zone?

A

axon hillock and initial segment

83
Q

if somebody accidently injures your skin by pressing a lit cigarette to it, this painful stimulus will be transmitted to the central nervous system by the

A

somatic sensory division

84
Q

the following terminologies refer to collections of neuron cell bodies, but ___ are found in the peripheral nervous system, while ___ are found in the central nervous system

A

ganglia, nuclei

85
Q

we have different types of neuroglial cells with specialized functions, while ___ are specialized population of macrophages that are found in the central nervous system, surround and support neuron cells bodies in the peripheral nervous system

A

microglial cells, satellite cells

86
Q

which if the following is correct about unmyelinated axons
a. they contain internodes at specific intervals along the axon
b. they contain voltage gated ion channels along the entire length of the axon
c. they conduct action potential faster than myelinated axons
d. they contain ligand-gated channels instead of voltage-gated channels.

A

b. they contain voltage gated ion channels along the entire length of the axon

87
Q

the ___ horns contain the cell bodies of ___neurons that send axons via the anterior nerve roots to the skeletal muscles

A

ventral (anterior)/motor

88
Q

which connective tissue is found within a fascicle and helps separate individual nerve fibers?

A

endoneurium

89
Q

What is the wrong statement about spinal nerves?
a. there are 8 cervical pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs in the thoracic region
b. the 31 pairs of spinal nerves from part of the cns
c. some spinal nerves from plexuses
d. spinal nerves provide nerve fibers that allow for both motor and sensory functions

A

b. the 31 pairs of spinal nerves from part of the cns

90
Q

In the spinothalamic (or anterolateral) system, the first order neurons carry signals from the ___ to the ___

A

periphery, spinal cord

91
Q

which of the following descending motor tracts is not considered extrapyramidal

A

corticospinal tract

92
Q

Indicate which reflex is not correctly described
a. stretch reflex: a stretching force detected by muscle spindle results in the contraction of that muscle.
b. Crossed-extensor reflex: contraction of flexor muscle in the limb opposite to the one receiving the injurious stimuli to stabilize it
c. flexor reflex: the quick contraction of flexor muscles resulting in the withdrawal of a limb from harmful elements
d. the golgi tendon reflex: is a response to excessive tension on the tendon, consisting of muscle relaxation by inhibiting alpha motor neurons

A

b. Crossed-extensor reflex: contraction of flexor muscle in the limb opposite to the one receiving the injurious stimuli to stabilize it

93
Q

which structure of cells are not developed from the neural crest?
a. melanocytes
b. cerebellum
c. satellite cells
d. pia mater

A

cerebellum

94
Q

the pons and cerebellum are derivatives of which embryonic sturcture?

A

a. metencephalon

95
Q

which of these structures is part of the brain’s gray matter?
a. corpus callosum
b. internal capsule
c. dorsal root ganglion
d. basal nuclei

A

basal nuclei

96
Q

the subarachnoid space is found between ___ and ___

A

arachnoid mater/pia mater

97
Q

the aqueduct of midbrain (or cerebral aqueduct) connects the ___ ventricle with the ___venricle

A

third and fourth

98
Q

which of these cells helps the endothelial cells to form the blood-brain barrier

A

astrocytes

99
Q

in which brain region are the superior colliculi found?

A

midbrain

100
Q

which group of thalamic nuclei does not match it’s related functions?
a. anterior group - memory and emotion
b. ventral group - somatosensory output to primary cortex
c. posterior group - visual information output to the occipital cortex (lateral geniculate nucleus)
d. medial group - control of hormone secretion by the pituitary gland

A

d. medial group - control of hormone secretion by the pituitary gland

101
Q

The pineal body (or pineal gland) is part of which component of the diencephalon?

A

epithalamus

102
Q

neurons in the hypothalamic nucleus secrete the hormone oxytocin

A

paraventricular nucleus

103
Q

planning and social judgment are associated with which lobe of the cerebrum?

A

frontal

104
Q

the association tracts within the white matter of the connect

A

different regions within the same cerebral hemisphere

105
Q

the nuclei that make up the basal ganglia include all the following except

A

amygdala (caudate, putamen, globus pallidus)

106
Q

which cranial nerve allows us to control the pupillary diameter?

A

the oculomotor nerve

107
Q

considering chemical and electrical synapses, what is true?

A

chemical synapses allow for integrating information from multiple presynaptic neurons

108
Q

some drugs used to treat parkinson’s disease act by inhibiting the dopa decarboxylase enzyme. What is the function of this enzyme?

A

it produces dopamine from DOPA

109
Q

the membrane-embedded protein that transports serotonin and other monoamine neurotransmitter molecules into intraneuronal storage vesicles

A

VMAT

110
Q

The ___dopaminergic pathway is related to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, while the ___ pathway is responsible for the negative symptoms

A

mesolimbic, mesocortical

111
Q

GABA is an ___ neurotransmitter that, upon binding the GABA-A receptor, causes conformational changes that open the ___ ion channel and lead to neuronal membrane ___.

A

inhibitory, chloride, hyperpolarization

112
Q

Which type of explicit memory are you using right now to answer this test?

A

semantic memory

113
Q

long term depression (LTP) describes how

A

memories disappear through the weakening of the synapses

114
Q

Select the wrong statement about REM stage of sleep in a healthy individual
a. in this sleep stage, eyes oscillate back and forth
b. motor neurons are activated, allowing sleepwalking to occur
c. It is characterized by vivid dreaming
d. there is high brain activity during this stage

A

b. motor neurons are activated, allowing sleepwalking to occur

115
Q

The circadian rhythm is controlled by a group of neurons in the

A

hypothalamus

116
Q

a patient can see his face in the mirror but can’t recognize it. this person probably has a lesion in certain association areas of the ___ lobe

A

temporal

117
Q

the __visual cortex receives visual signals while the visual ___area integrates the incoming visual information

A

primary,association

118
Q

the primary somatosensory cortex is located on the ___ of the ___lobe

A

postcentral gyrus, parietal

119
Q

wernicke’s area is part of the brain that helps us to

A

understand spoken and written language

120
Q

the “categorical hemisphere” is expected to be more specialized in this task

A

doing a lab experiment.

121
Q

When we write notes by hand, signals are carried to the skeletal muscles of the hand by the

A

somatic motor division of the peripheral nervous system

122
Q

bundles of axons in the central nervous system that share a common origin, destination, and function

A

tracts

123
Q

considering a typical neuron structure, the conical projection that connects the soma of the neuron with the axon is called

A

axon hillock

124
Q

one of the following neurons belongs to the structural class of neurons characterized by having multiple dendrites and only one axon

A

Purkinje cell of cerebellum multipolar

125
Q

which cells produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A

ependymal cells, line cavities and cilia helps circulate it.

126
Q

in this part of the neuron, we can only observe local potentials (not action potentials)

A

dendrites

127
Q

select the wrong statement concerning the gray matter of the spinal cord
a. it integrates arriving electrical signals (info)
b. it contains somas, synapses, and dendrites
c. it is surrounded by white matter
d. it is subdivided into regions that are referred to as funiculi

A

. it is subdivided into regions that are referred to as funiculi - WHITE matter is divided into 3 columns (funiculi) gray matter is in horns

128
Q

which connective tissue layer surrounds a fascicle?

A

perineurium

129
Q

which spinal cord region contains nerves that don’t form plexus

A

thoracic

130
Q

in the spinothalamic (or anterolateral) system, third-order neurons carry signals from the ___ to the ____

A

thalamus, primary sensory cortex

131
Q

which of the following motor tracts descend through the medullary pyramids?

A

corticospinal tract

132
Q

the muscle spindles ____

A

are stretch receptors

133
Q

which of the following structures are not originated from neural crest cells?

A

ventricles of brain

134
Q

myelencephalon develops into which of the following regions?

A

medulla oblongata

135
Q

which of the following sections is not part of the brainstem?

A

spinal cord - part of the brain stem are (midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata)

136
Q

the subdural space is a potential intracranial space situated between ___and ____

A

meningeal dura mater and arachnoid mater

137
Q

the lateral ventricles of the brain are connected to the third ventricle via the

A

interventricular foramen

138
Q

Which cells are not part of the blood-brain barrier?

A

oligodendrocytes

139
Q

the corticospinal tract crosses the midbrain through this structure

A

crus cerebri

140
Q

which thalamic nuclei (or group of thalamic nuclei) serve as a relay center in the pathway for information reaching auditory cortex?

A

medial geniculate nucleus

141
Q

Select the hypothalamic nucleus that is incorrectly paired with it’s well established function
a. paraventricular nucleus - circadian rhythms
b. mammillary nucleus - memory
c. ventromedial nucleus - appetite regulation
d. preoptic nucleus - gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion

A

a. paraventricular nucleus - circadian rhythms
(suprachiasmatic nucleus and biological clock)

142
Q

severe damage to this lobe of the cerebrum will probably affect the interpretation of information from the eyes

A

occipital lobe - principle visual center of brain

143
Q

what does the anterior commissure connect?

A

both temporal lobes (left and right)

144
Q

the terms basal ganglia refers to

A

a cluster of neurons (somas) buried deep in the brain

145
Q

damage to the trigeminal nerve produces

A

loss of sensation in the face

146
Q

pair the following cranial nerves
VII
II
X
V
IV

A

vestibulocochlear nerve VII
optic II
vagus X
trigeminal V
trochlear IV

147
Q

Which of the following abbreviations corresponds to an enzyme that degrades catecholamines

A

comt

148
Q

the enzymes required for synthesis of classical neurotransmitters are synthesized in the ___; while the neurotransmitter is synthesized in the ___

A

neurosoma/presynaptic nerve terminal

149
Q

depression has been associated with deficiency of monoamines such as

A

serotonin and noadrenaline

150
Q

the ventral tegmental area (VTA) is a tiny g of dopaminergic neurons located in the midbrain and gives rise to these two dopamine pathways

A

mesocortical and mesolimbic

151
Q

driving a car or swimming are examples of which type of long term memory?

A

implicit memory

152
Q

which of the following neuroplastic changes will contribute most to long-term memory?

A

the growth of new dendritic spines

153
Q

important receptors and chemicals involved in long term potentiation (LTP) comprise all the following

A

glutamate
NMDA receptor
calcium ions
magnesium ion

154
Q

the presence of delta waves characterizes this stage of sleep

A

stage n3 or slow wave sleep

155
Q

the hormone that is secreted by the pineal gland to trigger onset of sleep is

A

melatonin

156
Q

the cortical motor association areas play an essential role in this phase of voluntary movement control

A

planning

157
Q

lesions in association are in this lobe can cause personality disorders and socially inappropriate behaviors

A

frontal

158
Q

primary motor area is located on the ___ of the ___lobe

A

precentral gyrus/frontal

159
Q

which brain structure is responsible for generating a motor program for the muscles of the larynx, tongue, cheeks, and lips for speaking

A

broca’s area

160
Q

the “representational hemisphere” is expected to be more specialized in this task

A

left hand control

161
Q

sensory receptor

A

any structure specialized to detect a stimulus

162
Q

sense organ

A

a structure that combines nervous tissue with other tissues, it enhances its response to a certain type of stimulus (ex: eyes and ears)

163
Q

exteroceptors

A

sense stimuli external to the body

164
Q

interceptors/visceroceptors

A

detect stimuli in the internal organs

165
Q

receptor potential

A

type of local potential, when a physical stimulus affects a sensory receptor cell, and that energy of a stimulus is transformed into an electrical response.

166
Q

how can brain distinguish stimuli intensities?

A

based on which neurons are firing, how many, and how fast

167
Q

sensory adaptation

A

if the stimulus is prolonged, the neuron firing frequency decreases and the brain becomes less aware of the stimulus.

168
Q

thermoreceptors

A

a receptor that is able to detect temperature

169
Q

photoreceptors

A

a receptor that is able to detect light

170
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

physical deformation of tissue - like touch basically

171
Q

tactile receptors

A

subset of mechanoreceptors, vibration, touch, pressure

172
Q

proprioceptors

A

subset of mechanoreceptors, stretch (in skin, outside of body)

173
Q

baroreceptors

A

subset of mechanoreceptors, tension/pressure change in walls of blood vessels, digestive organs, bladder, lungs, etc

174
Q

chemoreceptors

A

receptors that sense chemicals, (odors, tastes, body fluid composition)

175
Q

nociceptors

A

receptor that senses pain–> tissue injury/damage

176
Q

general senses vs special senses - body distribution

A

special senses - limited to only the head
general senses - receptors all over the body

177
Q

general senses vs special senses - jobs

A

special senses - smell, taste, balance, hearing, vision - have specialized structures for detection
general senses - everything else that isn’t covered by special senses is covered here. (touch, pain, temp)

anatomy (4 decks)

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