exam 1-3 Flashcards
(177 cards)
1
Q
This epithelial tissue’s shape and arrangement allow it to withstand variations in pressure and volume. This tissue is
A
transitional epithelium
2
Q
Which of these following is an incorrect pairing?
loose connective tissue - areolar tissue
dense irregular tissue - dermis
dense connective tissue - ligament
loose regular connective tissue - adipose tissue
A
loose regular connective tissue - adipose tissue
3
Q
the brush border is comprised of __ and found is found in tissue from the __
A
microvilli, small intestine
4
Q
peroxisomes decompose __ into two carbon fragments that can be used to make ATP
A
fatty acids
5
Q
nervous tissues predominantly of two cell types, neurons and __.
A
neuroglia - cells that hold neurons in place to help them function the way they should
6
Q
__ tissues respond quickly to outside stimuli by means of changes in membrane potential
A
excitable
7
Q
proteins embedded in the plasma membrane can have which of the following functions
A
receptors, carrier proteins, enzymes
8
Q
feeling structures with your fingertips is called __. whereas tapping on the body and listening for sounds of abnormalities is called
A
palpation, percussion
9
Q
what are the three common components of a feedback loop?
A
receptor, integrating (control) center, and effector
10
Q
Organ systems are a level in the hierarchy of complexity in biology. all the following are human organ systems except….
A
epidermal
11
Q
goblet cells and cells with microvilli are characteristic of ___.
A
simple columnar epithelium
12
Q
the primary means of water movement between body fluid compartment is __.
A
osmosis
13
Q
solutes are hydrophilic are those that
A
dissolve easily in water because they contain polar covalent bonds
14
Q
Which of the following is true for molecules that compose membranes in your body?
a. membrane glycolipids easily flip-flop from the external to the internal half of the bilayer
b. membrane phospholipids easily move sideways in their own half of the bilayer
c. membrane cholesterol weakens the bilayer but makes it more fluid at normal body temperature
d. the kinks in the fatty acid tails, due to the double bonds, help membrane phospholipids pack more tightly in the bilayer
A
b. membrane phospholipids easily move sideways in their own half of the bilayer
15
Q
organelles containing digestive enzymes that destroy material engulfed by phagocytes are
A
lysosomes
16
Q
the type of membrane molecule that would be most likely to function as a transporter is
A
a glycoprotein
17
Q
which of the following both require expenditure of cellular energy (ATP)?
a. osmosis and vesicular transport
b. secondary active transport and vesicular transport
c. facilitated diffusion and vesicular transport
d. secondary active transport and facilitated diffusion
A
b. secondary active transport and vesicular transport
18
Q
the main monosaccharide in your blood plasma is
A
glucose
19
Q
in water, hydrogen bonds form between
A
hydrogen in one water molecule and oxygen in another water molecule
20
Q
which of the following terms includes all of the others?
eicosanoid, triglyceride, fatty acid, lipid
A
lipid
21
Q
during active transport across a plasma membrane
A
a substance my be moved from where it is less concentrated to where it is more concentrated
22
Q
carbon dioxide moves from your blood into exhaled air by
A
simple diffusion
23
Q
which of the highest H+ concentration?
lemon juice
red wine
tomato juice
household ammonia
A
lemon juice
24
Q
we live in an ever changing environment outside of our body, yet our internal conditions remain relatively stable. this is called
A
homeostasis
25
a physiological___ is a difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variables between one point and another
gradient
26
metabolism is a sum of all __ change
internal chemical change
27
eye color is caused by genes at multiple loci, this phenomenon is called
polygenic inheritance
28
which organelle synthesizes steroids in the ovary and stores calcium in muscle cells?
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
29
the ___ is not a membranous organelle
ribosome
30
___play an important role in cell division, and are made of ___
centrioles, microtubules
31
the interphase of the cycle includes
1. G1 phase
2. mitosis
3. s phase
4. cytokinesis
5. g2 phase
1,3,5
32
chromosomes lines up along the equator of a cell during
metaphase
33
a cell finishing mitosis has ___ dna molecules, while a cell finishing the S phase of the cell cycle has __ dna molecules
46,92
34
___opens up one segment of the DNA helix during replication, ___ adds complementary free nucleotides to exposed DNA strand
dna helicase, dna polymerase
35
channel protein gates respond to all these stimuli except...
ligands, changes in electrical potential (voltage) across a cellular membrane, water in extracellular fluid, chemical messengers
water in the extracellular fluids
36
blood calcium levels are controlled by a negative feedback mechanism. when blood calcium levels are ___, parathyroid hormone levels___. this causes calcium to be ____bone
low, increase, released from
37
a(n) ___reaction is a chemical reaction that removes electrons from an atom
oxidation
38
the chemical properties of an atom are determined by it's
electrons
39
___ is/are responsible for the support, organization of contents, and movement of contents within the cell
the cytoskeleton
40
most transmembrane proteins have ___regions facing the intra- and extracellular fluid, and ___ regions embedded in the phospholipid bilayer
hydrophilic, hydrophobic
41
The function of the skeletal system is to
a. protect various organs
b. store triglycerides
c. allow movement
d. all the above are correct
all the above
42
which of the following cells are not found in the epidermis?
a. keratinocytes
b. melanocytes
c. fibroblasts
d. stem cells
fibroblasts
43
the cortex of the long bone's diaphysis is made of___
compact bone
44
a shorter, seventy-year old chinese women comes to you with a broken hip. which test do you order to check for osteoporosis?
a bone mineral density test
45
which cells are stimulated by the hormones calcitriol and PTH (parathyroid hormone)?
osteoclasts
46
the ___ is an example of bone is an organ, ___bone is an example of bone as a tissue
femur, spongy
47
osteoclts___
are formed from the fusion of cells from red bone marrow, numbers are regulated by estrogen
48
Which of the following statements about mammary glands is true?
a. mammary glands are modified apocrine sweat glands
b. all breasts have functioning mammary glands that produce milk
c. primates typically have 4 milk lines
d. all the above
all the above
49
A long bone is covered externally with a sheath called the ___, whereas the marrow cavity is lined with the ___.
periosteum, endosteum
50
skin...
has an acidic pH that retards the growth of microbes, contains melanin that prevents UV damage to cells, helps control body temperature via vasoconstriction and vasodilation
51
collagen is synthesized by
osteoblasts, fibroblasts, chondroblasts
52
the process of dissolving bone and returning it's minerals to the bloodstream is known as ____.
resorption
53
how can a fingernail enhance sensitivity to surrounding tissue?
by providing a counterforce to the fingertip
54
skin covering the ___ has sweat glands but not hair follicles or sebaceous glands
fingertips
55
Part of long bone was found. To identify it as an adult's bone, scientists will look for
epiphyseal line and yellow bone marrow
56
hardness of bone comes from ___, whereas ____provides some degree of flexibility
hydroxyapatite and other minerals, proteins
57
The joint between the diaphysis of the radius and the ulna is____
syndesmosis
58
synthesized by the combined action of the skin, kidneys, and liver, ____promotes bone resorption but is also necessary for bone deposition
calcitriol
59
one example of a multiaxial joint is the ___joint
humeroscapaular
60
which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the healing of a bone fracture?
hematoma formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation, bone remodeling
61
radial (lateral) and ulnar (medial) collateral ligaments restrict side to side movement ____joint
elbow
62
a meniscus could be found in which joint?
knee
63
muscle fibers are arranged in bundles called
fascicles
64
the joint between the first costal cartilage and the sternum is a ____, whereas the other costal cartilages are joined to the sternum by ____ joints
synchondrosis, synovial
65
which protein holds the thick filaments in place and anchors it to the z discs and M line?
titin
66
correctly match the proteins to their functions
actin and myosin - motor proteins
67
the ___muscle arrangement allows you to pucker your lips for whistling
obicularis
68
recruitment occurs ___ an increase in strength of contraction
when increasing the strength of a stimulus causes
69
which of the following is not an an anatomical component of a synovial joint?
the interosseous membrane
70
what term best describes the relationship between a muscle that pronates the forearm (the pronator quadratus) and muscle that supinates the forearm (the supinator)?
antagonists
71
a motor unit is composed of
muscle fiber and motor neuron
72
___occurs when increasing the frequency of a stimulus cause an increase in the strength of contraction
wave summation
73
the ___ is the site where acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors on the motor end plate
neuromuscular junction
74
which muscles can contract without the need for nervous stimulation?
smooth and cardiac muscle
75
a person starts from rest and runs very fast for 2 mins. the energy for muscle contraction is provided by ....
creatine phosphate and anaerobic respiration
76
where would you expect to find numerous gap junctions in muscular tissue?
the intercalated discs of cardiac muscle
77
the transfer of phosphate from CP (creatine phosphate) to ADP is catalyzed by
creatine kinase
78
all the following statements are correct regarding muscles except
the calcium pump is located on the t-tubule (remember this is wrong)
79
which of the following is not a purpose of the excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) in muscle?
to neutralize carbon dioxide buildup
80
an increase of muscle tension while it maintains constant length is called
an isometric contraction
81
This structural class of neurons is characterized by having only one dendrite and one axon
Bipolar neurons
82
The trigger zone is a region in the neuron that activates and initiates the propagation of the action potential. Which two structures form part of this zone?
axon hillock and initial segment
83
if somebody accidently injures your skin by pressing a lit cigarette to it, this painful stimulus will be transmitted to the central nervous system by the
somatic sensory division
84
the following terminologies refer to collections of neuron cell bodies, but ___ are found in the peripheral nervous system, while ___ are found in the central nervous system
ganglia, nuclei
85
we have different types of neuroglial cells with specialized functions, while ___ are specialized population of macrophages that are found in the central nervous system, surround and support neuron cells bodies in the peripheral nervous system
microglial cells, satellite cells
86
which if the following is correct about unmyelinated axons
a. they contain internodes at specific intervals along the axon
b. they contain voltage gated ion channels along the entire length of the axon
c. they conduct action potential faster than myelinated axons
d. they contain ligand-gated channels instead of voltage-gated channels.
b. they contain voltage gated ion channels along the entire length of the axon
87
the ___ horns contain the cell bodies of ___neurons that send axons via the anterior nerve roots to the skeletal muscles
ventral (anterior)/motor
88
which connective tissue is found within a fascicle and helps separate individual nerve fibers?
endoneurium
89
What is the wrong statement about spinal nerves?
a. there are 8 cervical pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs in the thoracic region
b. the 31 pairs of spinal nerves from part of the cns
c. some spinal nerves from plexuses
d. spinal nerves provide nerve fibers that allow for both motor and sensory functions
b. the 31 pairs of spinal nerves from part of the cns
90
In the spinothalamic (or anterolateral) system, the first order neurons carry signals from the ___ to the ___
periphery, spinal cord
91
which of the following descending motor tracts is not considered extrapyramidal
corticospinal tract
92
Indicate which reflex is not correctly described
a. stretch reflex: a stretching force detected by muscle spindle results in the contraction of that muscle.
b. Crossed-extensor reflex: contraction of flexor muscle in the limb opposite to the one receiving the injurious stimuli to stabilize it
c. flexor reflex: the quick contraction of flexor muscles resulting in the withdrawal of a limb from harmful elements
d. the golgi tendon reflex: is a response to excessive tension on the tendon, consisting of muscle relaxation by inhibiting alpha motor neurons
b. Crossed-extensor reflex: contraction of flexor muscle in the limb opposite to the one receiving the injurious stimuli to stabilize it
93
which structure of cells are not developed from the neural crest?
a. melanocytes
b. cerebellum
c. satellite cells
d. pia mater
cerebellum
94
the pons and cerebellum are derivatives of which embryonic sturcture?
a. metencephalon
95
which of these structures is part of the brain's gray matter?
a. corpus callosum
b. internal capsule
c. dorsal root ganglion
d. basal nuclei
basal nuclei
96
the subarachnoid space is found between ___ and ___
arachnoid mater/pia mater
97
the aqueduct of midbrain (or cerebral aqueduct) connects the ___ ventricle with the ___venricle
third and fourth
98
which of these cells helps the endothelial cells to form the blood-brain barrier
astrocytes
99
in which brain region are the superior colliculi found?
midbrain
100
which group of thalamic nuclei does not match it's related functions?
a. anterior group - memory and emotion
b. ventral group - somatosensory output to primary cortex
c. posterior group - visual information output to the occipital cortex (lateral geniculate nucleus)
d. medial group - control of hormone secretion by the pituitary gland
d. medial group - control of hormone secretion by the pituitary gland
101
The pineal body (or pineal gland) is part of which component of the diencephalon?
epithalamus
102
neurons in the hypothalamic nucleus secrete the hormone oxytocin
paraventricular nucleus
103
planning and social judgment are associated with which lobe of the cerebrum?
frontal
104
the association tracts within the white matter of the connect
different regions within the same cerebral hemisphere
105
the nuclei that make up the basal ganglia include all the following except
amygdala (caudate, putamen, globus pallidus)
106
which cranial nerve allows us to control the pupillary diameter?
the oculomotor nerve
107
considering chemical and electrical synapses, what is true?
chemical synapses allow for integrating information from multiple presynaptic neurons
108
some drugs used to treat parkinson's disease act by inhibiting the dopa decarboxylase enzyme. What is the function of this enzyme?
it produces dopamine from DOPA
109
the membrane-embedded protein that transports serotonin and other monoamine neurotransmitter molecules into intraneuronal storage vesicles
VMAT
110
The ___dopaminergic pathway is related to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, while the ___ pathway is responsible for the negative symptoms
mesolimbic, mesocortical
111
GABA is an ___ neurotransmitter that, upon binding the GABA-A receptor, causes conformational changes that open the ___ ion channel and lead to neuronal membrane ___.
inhibitory, chloride, hyperpolarization
112
Which type of explicit memory are you using right now to answer this test?
semantic memory
113
long term depression (LTP) describes how
memories disappear through the weakening of the synapses
114
Select the wrong statement about REM stage of sleep in a healthy individual
a. in this sleep stage, eyes oscillate back and forth
b. motor neurons are activated, allowing sleepwalking to occur
c. It is characterized by vivid dreaming
d. there is high brain activity during this stage
b. motor neurons are activated, allowing sleepwalking to occur
115
The circadian rhythm is controlled by a group of neurons in the
hypothalamus
116
a patient can see his face in the mirror but can't recognize it. this person probably has a lesion in certain association areas of the ___ lobe
temporal
117
the __visual cortex receives visual signals while the visual ___area integrates the incoming visual information
primary,association
118
the primary somatosensory cortex is located on the ___ of the ___lobe
postcentral gyrus, parietal
119
wernicke's area is part of the brain that helps us to
understand spoken and written language
120
the "categorical hemisphere" is expected to be more specialized in this task
doing a lab experiment.
121
When we write notes by hand, signals are carried to the skeletal muscles of the hand by the
somatic motor division of the peripheral nervous system
122
bundles of axons in the central nervous system that share a common origin, destination, and function
tracts
123
considering a typical neuron structure, the conical projection that connects the soma of the neuron with the axon is called
axon hillock
124
one of the following neurons belongs to the structural class of neurons characterized by having multiple dendrites and only one axon
Purkinje cell of cerebellum multipolar
125
which cells produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
ependymal cells, line cavities and cilia helps circulate it.
126
in this part of the neuron, we can only observe local potentials (not action potentials)
dendrites
127
select the wrong statement concerning the gray matter of the spinal cord
a. it integrates arriving electrical signals (info)
b. it contains somas, synapses, and dendrites
c. it is surrounded by white matter
d. it is subdivided into regions that are referred to as funiculi
. it is subdivided into regions that are referred to as funiculi - WHITE matter is divided into 3 columns (funiculi) gray matter is in horns
128
which connective tissue layer surrounds a fascicle?
perineurium
129
which spinal cord region contains nerves that don't form plexus
thoracic
130
in the spinothalamic (or anterolateral) system, third-order neurons carry signals from the ___ to the ____
thalamus, primary sensory cortex
131
which of the following motor tracts descend through the medullary pyramids?
corticospinal tract
132
the muscle spindles ____
are stretch receptors
133
which of the following structures are not originated from neural crest cells?
ventricles of brain
134
myelencephalon develops into which of the following regions?
medulla oblongata
135
which of the following sections is not part of the brainstem?
spinal cord - part of the brain stem are (midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata)
136
the subdural space is a potential intracranial space situated between ___and ____
meningeal dura mater and arachnoid mater
137
the lateral ventricles of the brain are connected to the third ventricle via the
interventricular foramen
138
Which cells are not part of the blood-brain barrier?
oligodendrocytes
139
the corticospinal tract crosses the midbrain through this structure
crus cerebri
140
which thalamic nuclei (or group of thalamic nuclei) serve as a relay center in the pathway for information reaching auditory cortex?
medial geniculate nucleus
141
Select the hypothalamic nucleus that is incorrectly paired with it's well established function
a. paraventricular nucleus - circadian rhythms
b. mammillary nucleus - memory
c. ventromedial nucleus - appetite regulation
d. preoptic nucleus - gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion
a. paraventricular nucleus - circadian rhythms
(suprachiasmatic nucleus and biological clock)
142
severe damage to this lobe of the cerebrum will probably affect the interpretation of information from the eyes
occipital lobe - principle visual center of brain
143
what does the anterior commissure connect?
both temporal lobes (left and right)
144
the terms basal ganglia refers to
a cluster of neurons (somas) buried deep in the brain
145
damage to the trigeminal nerve produces
loss of sensation in the face
146
pair the following cranial nerves
VII
II
X
V
IV
vestibulocochlear nerve VII
optic II
vagus X
trigeminal V
trochlear IV
147
Which of the following abbreviations corresponds to an enzyme that degrades catecholamines
comt
148
the enzymes required for synthesis of classical neurotransmitters are synthesized in the ___; while the neurotransmitter is synthesized in the ___
neurosoma/presynaptic nerve terminal
149
depression has been associated with deficiency of monoamines such as
serotonin and noadrenaline
150
the ventral tegmental area (VTA) is a tiny g of dopaminergic neurons located in the midbrain and gives rise to these two dopamine pathways
mesocortical and mesolimbic
151
driving a car or swimming are examples of which type of long term memory?
implicit memory
152
which of the following neuroplastic changes will contribute most to long-term memory?
the growth of new dendritic spines
153
important receptors and chemicals involved in long term potentiation (LTP) comprise all the following
glutamate
NMDA receptor
calcium ions
magnesium ion
154
the presence of delta waves characterizes this stage of sleep
stage n3 or slow wave sleep
155
the hormone that is secreted by the pineal gland to trigger onset of sleep is
melatonin
156
the cortical motor association areas play an essential role in this phase of voluntary movement control
planning
157
lesions in association are in this lobe can cause personality disorders and socially inappropriate behaviors
frontal
158
primary motor area is located on the ___ of the ___lobe
precentral gyrus/frontal
159
which brain structure is responsible for generating a motor program for the muscles of the larynx, tongue, cheeks, and lips for speaking
broca's area
160
the "representational hemisphere" is expected to be more specialized in this task
left hand control
161
sensory receptor
any structure specialized to detect a stimulus
162
sense organ
a structure that combines nervous tissue with other tissues, it enhances its response to a certain type of stimulus (ex: eyes and ears)
163
exteroceptors
sense stimuli external to the body
164
interceptors/visceroceptors
detect stimuli in the internal organs
165
receptor potential
type of local potential, when a physical stimulus affects a sensory receptor cell, and that energy of a stimulus is transformed into an electrical response.
166
how can brain distinguish stimuli intensities?
based on which neurons are firing, how many, and how fast
167
sensory adaptation
if the stimulus is prolonged, the neuron firing frequency decreases and the brain becomes less aware of the stimulus.
168
thermoreceptors
a receptor that is able to detect temperature
169
photoreceptors
a receptor that is able to detect light
170
mechanoreceptors
physical deformation of tissue - like touch basically
171
tactile receptors
subset of mechanoreceptors, vibration, touch, pressure
172
proprioceptors
subset of mechanoreceptors, stretch (in skin, outside of body)
173
baroreceptors
subset of mechanoreceptors, tension/pressure change in walls of blood vessels, digestive organs, bladder, lungs, etc
174
chemoreceptors
receptors that sense chemicals, (odors, tastes, body fluid composition)
175
nociceptors
receptor that senses pain--> tissue injury/damage
176
general senses vs special senses - body distribution
special senses - limited to only the head
general senses - receptors all over the body
177
general senses vs special senses - jobs
special senses - smell, taste, balance, hearing, vision - have specialized structures for detection
general senses - everything else that isn't covered by special senses is covered here. (touch, pain, temp)
