Exam socio du sport

Question 1

Define agression:

Answer 1

Any behaviour designed to injure another person, psychologically or physically.

Question 2

Define violence

Answer 2

Behaviour intended to injure another person physically. Violent acts in sports are often permitted as an acceptable part of the game. As “natural”.

Question 3

Explain Sport crowd violence:

Answer 3

Acts of verbal and physical aggression, perpetrated by fans at, or away from, the sports arena that may result in injury to persons or damaged to property. (violent fans during a hockey game or riots)

Question 4

Explain Sport related violence:

Answer 4

Within a sporting context. Direct acts of physical violence conducted within our outside the rules of the game.
- Hazing
- Sexual assault
- Parental abuse
Racism

Question 5

Explain the scale of legitimacy:

Answer 5

How violence gets categorized according to the sport, It legitimates the types of violences:

Brutal body contact: Permitted by the official rules of a particular sport (bodychecking in hockey)

Borderline violence: Does not conform to the rules, but is widely accepted as legitimate (hockey fights)

Question 6

Explain two types of unaccepted violence: Scale of legitimacy

Answer 6

Quasi criminal violence: Violates not only the formal rule of a given sport, but to a significant degree the informal norms of player conduct (can result in suspension and fines)

Criminal violence: So serious and outside of the boundaries of what could be considered part of the game that it is handled from the outset by the law. Legal authorities become involved. (fights that result in a big injury)

Question 7

Define Sanitizing violence:

Answer 7

Sanitizing an activity means describing it in a way that makes it seems more pleasant or more acceptable. It was created by the media to construct violence into a more pleasant way.

Question 8

What is the instinct theory in sports.

Answer 8

Violent behaviour is inevitable because it is rooted in human biology and “natural” instinct. Belief that violent impulses can be released “safely” through catharsis, it serves a function
Catharsis: Healthy venting of aggression that reduces the risk of further, more dangerous violence

Question 9

What is the frustration-aggression theory in sports:

Answer 9

Proposes that individuals act aggressively when they respond to frustration. People release built-up frustration through a form of catharsis (sport) to dissipate aggression. True for athletes and fights.

Question 10

Social learning theory in violence :

Answer 10

Violence isn’t simply “natural” or instinctual, it is learned through socialization and cultural understanding or what is acceptable and unacceptable in particular societies and social contexts. (bandura - blow up doll). You will be violent because you are encouraged to do so (fans)

Question 11

What are some external factors that influence violence in sports.

Answer 11

• Parents: Rewarding or approving of their child’s aggression. (normal for parents to yell “kill” his opponent
• Coaches: The need to impress the coaches to retain a spot of the team (might be aggressive to do so)
• Peers: Need to be respected by their teammates. It is often encouraged.
• Franchise owner: Showing reluctance to denounce violence in sport because it profits them.
• Fans: They react to violence positively
• Media: Publicized and exploits violence to capture audiences

Question 12

Men vs women in violence in sports:

Answer 12

Men:
Tend to be more violent, “men will be men”, Male athlete violence

Women:
More open to the fact that females are willing to sacrifice their bodies for their sports. (truer for university level players), injury is normalized.

Question 13

What is media?

Answer 13

Mediation, is a mediator, it is neutral between you vs what you’re watching.

Question 14

Why study sport media:

Answer 14

1- hegemonic power
2- Real and false representation
3- Has the power to shape our world

Question 15

Live sport?

Answer 15

Sport and media both seem perfect for each other. Sports are unpredictable, that’s why we need it live. With media, it’s exciting when consumed in real life.

Question 16

The sport media complex:

Answer 16

Sport and media often use sponsorships for promotion exposure. Ads and the reflection of the audience. How it’s framed and influence the way people see sports.

They invest more in male sports because theyre the ones who watches more sports. Sport is a “mans field”. Times are changing a bit now.

Question 17

Stuff that influence sport:

Answer 17

Prime time = bigger audience
Tv time out (for adds, you don’t have some in person)
Move to bigger location for bigger audience

Question 18

Explain Nationalism:

Answer 18

Banal nationalism, the process that a national symbol is used so often that it looses its significance. (flag is a symbol of unity and pride). The flag is overused and over again that it starts to lose meaning, it becomes a piece of environment. (put them on front of house)

Question 19

Explain Framing theory:

Answer 19

Media focuses attention on certain events and then places them within a field of meaning. They are telling the audience what to think about the issue (agenda-setting) Sport washing - Fox News.

Question 20

Explain media literacy:

Answer 20

The ability to approach media sources with a critical eye. People are too influenced by what they see on TV we need to understand that media messages shapes our society and our critical thinking.

Question 21

Define sports:

Answer 21

Competitive and fun physical activity practiced according to written rules and according to the spirit of sportsmanship with a goal in mind.

Question 22

Define physical activity:

Answer 22

All movement of the body performed in leisure, work or to go from one place to another. While all sports are considered physical activity, not all physical activity are considered sports.

Question 23

Define Play:

Answer 23

Engage in an activity with the sole purpose of having fun. We must think in the sense of leisure and recreation and not serious competition.

Question 24

Explain the 2 suppositions in sports:

Answer 24

1) Sport in healthy for all
It depends, body building can be unhealthy for young girls because they don’t get their period, and they don’t have enough body fat.

2) Sport is a panacea (a solution for all difficulties) for all health problems in society

Question 25

Define Healthism:

Answer 25

The belief that health is the product of personal decisions and individual practices. That it should be the ultimate goal for all. Health is an individual choice (you choose to eat an apple instead of chocolate)

Question 26

What are the 12 determinants of health (not only personal)

Answer 26

Income and social status Social support Network Education and Literacy Employment and working conditions Social environment Physical environment Personal health practices Healthy child development Biology and genetic endowment Health services Gender Culture.

Question 27

Problems with the ederly in sports:

Answer 27

1. Physical and psychological obstacles 2. Health problems or pain 3. Negative stereotypes associated to old age 4. The aging belief = loss of physical and cognitive functions 5. Continuity vs change. ** danger with labels = “Oh I'm too old for this” you can start believing it.

Question 28

Determinants of exercise 50 +

Answer 28

Demographics and biology = Men are more active than women as they age. Higher education - more active Behaviour = Alcohol consumption inversely related to physical activity Sociocultural = Social support is key in exercising. The cultural belief that elderly women are fragile and will get injured prevents them from exercising. Physical environment = Accessibility, the activity itself, and the schedule can determine participation. Psychological= If it’s fun, they’ll want to participate.

Question 29

Define a A performance machine:

Answer 29

We tend to think of the body solely a biological and functional entity. We think about the body only in terms of how it functions. This encourages the mind-body dualism (we only exist because I have the ability to think. It separates the mind and the body. We want, therefore I am). We think of the body like an object. We look at the performance over the athlete, we BECOME A MACHINE.

Question 30

Define a culture of risk

Answer 30

Culture in which athletes tolerate pain, injuries, and all practices that can compromise health.

Question 31

Explain sportnets:

Answer 31

The decision to participate in the culture of risk (play while injured) has a lot to do with the sport network.

Question 32

Define two ways we address pain:

Answer 32

Neutralization of pain - Disassociating with pain, ignore pain, trivialize pain. The narrative of neutralization of pain - Hidden, non-respected, pain is not welcome

Question 33

Define mental health in sports:

Answer 33

Taboo. Seens as abnormal, if it hinders performance, such as depression, anxiety, stress, we push it away. More and more are opening up. But, the media presents mental health as a personal problem and not a problem with the system.

Question 34

Define the market effect:

Answer 34

It's all business. In pro sports, they often do not have a say in their health or actions. They have little to no opinion regarding their own life. We also sometimes see athletes being prescribed drugs without their consent or their knowing. If they are out of control, if you don't want to, you are out. You are a pawn in their game.

Question 35

Is sport going forward?

Answer 35

We are aware of the dangers of CTE and concussions. The NFL now has gardien caps, it goes over the helmets to protect the head from hits. Some choose to not wear it during games because they believe it doesn't fit the “swag”, because it doesn't look good.

Question 36

Explain the paradox of sports:

Answer 36

Comes back to two assumptions that we have. They think it's ideal for a healthy lifestyle. We show athletes as perfect. But, a lot of them deal with mental issues. The pressure, injuries, it is all detrimental.

Question 37

Define the social body:

Answer 37

Our body is a social entity, not only a machine. The social is inscribed on our body. We learn through our body. It's how we express ourselves and our values.

Question 38

What is the culture of excellence in sports:

Answer 38

A culture of excellence in sports prioritizes both individual growth and high performance, fostering an environment where athletes and staff are supported and encouraged to strive for their best.

Question 39

Advantages for children in sports:

Answer 39

Gain confidence, allow spending energy, being active and also help the parents be active.

Question 40

Dark side for children in sports:

Answer 40

Bullying, being left out, being insulted, discrimination, being forced to do something, cost. Kids are more and more sedentary. Kids are on their phones during recess. Sadly, children sport is not always a game. They learn discipline and how to behave, social skills, following authority. They could learn aggression if coached poorly.

Question 41

What are things that impact youth participation in sports:

Answer 41

Family socioeconomic status Parent education level Proximity to urban centres Gender, ethnicity Disabilities and accessibility

Question 42

Why do children abandon sports:

Answer 42

Availability, proximity, gender, inclusion, lose love for the sport, parents, pressure.

Question 43

Parents and coaches in sports, influence of children:

Answer 43

Parents can generatively be supportive, buttttt, they can put an awful pressure on the child and make them feel bad for loosing. Coaches can also cause stress, misery, and sadness. (sexual assault cases)

Question 44

What are alternative sports:

Answer 44

They are activities that are not traditional sports. “Old school” sports, some like skateboarding and Frisbee and sports like that. They are usually not structured, and they have full control on their involvement, it becomes a democratized sport.

Question 45

Gender in sports:

Answer 45

Girls are less active than boys in physical education classes and in general. School aged children are not as active as they should be, and physical activity decreases with age. The decrease for girls is more pronounced than for boys. Why?

Question 46

Fitness for all:

Answer 46

A non-profit communication agency to promote fitness in Canada. So to make fitness more visible and increase awareness. It was to encourage amateur sport.

Question 47

Equity in sports:

Answer 47

While girls started participation, they were separated into gender groups. It remained a boy thing, the idea that girls are weak 1982: Canadian charter of rights and Freedom. Dramatic increase of women in sports. Beginning of co-ed. But some school would only choose some sports, like either football or dance. By settling these rules, they found a way to have separate classes dictating what girls and boys could do.

Question 48

What happened to the motivation in sports in Canadian educational system:

Answer 48

Lack of motivation amongst girls Girls are reported having low perception of value, they do not associate some type of value to the tasks or activity. Girls report low ability beliefs. Gender stereotypes at a young age.

Question 49

Fitness testing in Canadian Educational System:

Answer 49

While fitness testing is still a viable way to teach and evaluate skills, the issue lies in the expectations of gender. (beep tests, no encouragement towards girls)

Question 50

Social construction of the female body:

Answer 50

They have to look elegant, cant be seen as too buff. Highly influenced by social media (beliefs at a perfect female) Beliefs that you have to be slim and small, its a socially constructed meaning The system is the issue.

Question 51

What is the issue with sports in Canadian educational system:

Answer 51

The system: we are seeing less and less physical education classes in school. Lack of government and school board support. Low staff and interest… Power and performance: Caters mostly to male students. (hegemonic masculinity)

Question 52

What we hope for and the ultimate goal for the Canadian educational system with sports:

Answer 52

Models-based practice or approach. Tailor them to their needs Creating physically literate children (motivation and understanding to value and take responsibility for engagement in physical activities)

Question 53

Define intergenerational inequity:

Answer 53

Future generations will be negatively impacted by the environment-related activities of the current generation (we're paying the price of our grandparents.

Question 54

Define Transfrontier inequity:

Answer 54

Environment related activities taking place in one part of the world often have negative impacts on those living elsewhere.

Question 55

Define Intragenerational inequity:

Answer 55

Negative environment- related effect can have a different effect on different social classes (rich vs poor)n- rich feels less.

Question 56

Define Inter-species inequity:

Answer 56

Environmental impacts of the activities of humain have implications on other species (plants, animals)

Question 57

Impact of the environment on sports infrastructures:

Answer 57

Plenty of stadiums are flooded, climate change, water is rising.

Question 58

Impact of the environment on sport athletes:

Answer 58

Pollution on the athletes EX: swimming in the Rio games, if they swallowed only 3 tablespoons they could get severely sick. Ex: Even with all the factories being closed, Beijing was still covered in fog during the Olympics.

Question 59

The impact of sports on the environment:

Answer 59

Negative imprints can be caused by ski tracks or even golf courses. The Olympic villages built and then left for dust. New highways Trash

Question 60

What is sustainable sport:

Answer 60

Meets the needs of communities while also thinking about future communities and improving the environment.

Question 61

Name the 3 suppositions of sustainable sports:

Answer 61

1. Environmental progress and economic growth are compatible 2. Sustainability is good for business 3. Mega events are compatible with the sustainable approach.

Question 62

Ecological modernization:

Answer 62

Theory that assumes that the economy benefits from a move towards the environment. We want natural progress. Strong ecological modernization: An interventionist approach, they argue that the government must get involved in ecological moder. And does not trust industries. Weak ecological modernization: This approach argues that industries will become sustainable because the demand for sustainable products will increase, supply and demand.

Question 63

Define a utopia

Answer 63

Dynamic of power prevent environmentalist and businessmen to reach an agreement. Environmentalist want to save the earth. Whatever the cost. Its an illusion of collaboration. businessman vs environmentalists. They almost never have a say. They are there to make a change, but they have no power.

Question 64

Define greenwashing:

Answer 64

When, in appearance, sporting organizations show a desire for sustainable sport. However, in practice, there is no real commitment towards the environment. EX: bell centre promised to set up a water system that re-uses used water.

Question 65

Who are most likely to play injured

Answer 65

Women Paralympians Why? Because they want to be seen as more.

Question 66

Define a nation as imagined:

Answer 66

From Benedic Anderson, a nation is imagined because most people who are part of that nation will never meet eachother, yet in their minds everyone who lives in that nation there is communion. They all know what it means to be Canadian. Someone from BC will have the same attachment to someone from Ontario. It is constructed.

Question 67

Patriot vs nationalist

Answer 67

Patriot = proud of their country Nationalist: think our country is the best.

Question 68

What is national imagination?

Answer 68

To what is deemed as important for a nation. What makes us Canadian (hockey, poutine, maple syrups, manners)

Question 69

Why do we, as a nation, say no to government involvement?

Answer 69

Before 1961, no government participation in sports or in physical act., it was seen as a private sphere. Especially in professional sports. In 2000, the federal government tries to get involved by funding Canadien teams. Why? They wanted to prevent the extinction of a hockey team (comme les nordiques)

Question 70

What is the Bill c -131

Answer 70

September 1961 - Bill c-131 - “ act to encourage fitness and amateur sport” Symbolized a new commitment on the part of the federal government to be involved in the administration of sport and fitness across Canada.

Question 71

The myth of autonomy in sports:

Answer 71

The idea that there should be, and there is a division between sport and politics.

Question 72

Investing in sports and promotional politics:

Answer 72

The Olympic Games and other major events offer incontestable opportunities to define and present a particular image of the host city to the entire world. Opportunity to showcase who we are. And they put the city into so much dept. Gives a need to win

Question 73

What are the issues with these fundings in sports?

Answer 73

Only a certain amount of people benefit Athletes who are winning Sports who are deemed Canadian Sectors with bigger traffic People who have the means to visit rec, centres

Question 74

Define Muscular Christianity:

Answer 74

Belief that goes with morality of young men. According to Christianity, a healthy man was a good Christian. There is a link between faith and physical activity. But there's not so much research because it's personal.

Question 75

Define Novak and sport as religion:

Answer 75

Refers to sport as a natural religion. The natural impulses are externalized. We find rituals, myths, sacrifices.

Question 76

Guttman and the transfer from ritual to record:

Answer 76

The evolution of contemporary sport replaced the sacred aspects of sport (the rituals) with a fixation on specialization. SECULARIZATION. Sport is a reflection of dominant values. So, modern times bring modem sports. Sport used to be a ritual, as the world becomes modern, religion is pushed aside. Ancient world to new Olympics.

Question 77

Flow in sport religion:

Answer 77

A state of deep concentration. The person, who experiences flow, are completely absorbed and immersed in their tasks.

Question 78

Ethnic religions in sports:

Answer 78

Some were banned to wear hijabs (France), women’s dreams were crushed. Scared for their safety and discrimination based on their religious beliefs. Or women in Egypt, where most of the elite athletic associations are governed by Muslims who deny access to Coptic Christians. This discrimination can be seen as historical discrimination that is continuing, and base a fear of having Christianity displayed.

Question 79

Four types of relations between sport and religion

Answer 79

Inclusivism - Religion IS in sports Exclusivism - Religion IS NOT in sports Dimorphism - Complete separation from one another (guttman) Syncretism - Sport is a religion (Ancient Olympics) (Novac)

Question 80

The modern Olympics:

Answer 80

Olympism: Promotes 3 things. Friendship, respect, excellence. A life philosophy that combines the balance of the body, the spirit, and the will. Link sport to culture and eduction. Olympism promotes the joy in effort, the educative value of example and the respect of universal ethical principles. There is no room for politics.

Question 81

Explain the emergence of professional sport:

Answer 81

Certain factories contributed to the emergence of professional sport in North America. Hockey blew up so much, that they started charging people for watching. Started a business. (urbanization, industrialization, more free time)

Question 82

Explain the Structure of sports in closed leagues:

Answer 82

Executives have complete control over the amount of franchises in the association. They decide who the owners are and where franchises are located. (monopoly on the sport)

Question 83

Explain the Structure of sports in open leagues:

Answer 83

New teams enter and leave the association. If a team does not perform, it can be sent to an inferior association, vice-versa.

Question 84

Define the structure of sports:

Answer 84

Professional leagues in North America form a joint production. They must ensure Uncertainty of the result (needs interests) Balanced competition (needs competition to have money)

Question 85

Member of the administrative council:

Answer 85

Its by election, becomes the league's commissioners. The council is often compared to a cartel.

Question 86

Define Monopoly

Answer 86

One provider has total control on a product. For example, Nike has the control on running shoes (this is not the case, it's only an example), no one else sells running shoes, so Nike can basically sell it at whatever price they want. The NFL and other leagues have a joint monopoly or joint production. There are 32 sellers selling football, but they need to work together.

Question 87

Define Monoscopy

Answer 87

Monopsony means that there is only one buyer. Well, the NFL, MLB, NBA, NHL, being the only elite sport associations in North America, have COMPLETE power on buying athletes. Unless you want to move to Russia and play in the KHL (thanks class), you need to abide by the NHL's rules, and most importantly, salary. This means that the NHL has complete purchasing control. You take the 1 million dollars they are offering, or you go play in your backyard, the NHL isn't worried because there are hundred of thousand others waiting for that same opportunity.

Question 88

Explain what a salary cap does:

Answer 88

Made up salary caps after the blackout. Plenty were against it because they were probably making more before. 1) Come from the owners (keeps the competition balanced) 2) Sociologists, its a power relation. Franchises can ensure they dont make enough money but can ensure that they keep making money A team can decide to spend beyond the salary cap, but if they do, they must pay a luxury tax to the league.

Question 89

What is a NIL and NCAA:

Answer 89

Name Image Likeness Agreements started in 2021 and settlements are rolling out as we speak. It provides a financial return for student-athletes whose image is used in, for example, video games. But also provides them with opportunities to get endorsement deals. Players get endorsed by brands for silly reasons Popeyes: Because he used to eat it a lot as a kid Pet smart: Because the player is cute.

Question 90

How does sport make money as a business?

Answer 90

Attendance from people in stadiums Ticket prices (event, popularity) Bigger stadiums (more seats, more sells) Media Sponsors

Question 91

Selling the Olympic Games to a population:

Answer 91

The games will create amazing infrastructures that will beautify the city and will be available to the population afterwards. There will be an increase in tourism Games bring international recognition

Question 92

Define Globalization:

Answer 92

The independence of the economy, cultures and global populations caused by the exchange across borders of good, services, and technologies and by the flow of investments, people, and information. Our beliefs, our living conditions, and our actions are interrelated with the process of globalization. It connects the entire world.

Question 93

Define capitalism:

Answer 93

An economic system in which private sectors possesses and controls properties (prof. Sports leagues) according to their own private interests. The goal is to make profit $$$.

Question 94

Explain Neoliberalism

Answer 94

A way of viewing and organizing the world; an ideology. Specifically, an economic, political, and social ideology based on fundamental principles: Unregulated support of free-trade and of the markets (see it as an economic free-for-all). The promotion of individualism and competition. The reducing of governmental influence. We are talking here about globalized economics directed by private sectors. So, no government involvement. Looks a lot like professional sport, don’t you think?

Question 95

Explain Mcdonalization:

Answer 95

McDonalization points towards the homogeneity (similar, all the same) of cutlural choices and people’s experiences caused by globalization.

Question 96

Explain GloCalization

Answer 96

A hybrid form of cultural practices and identity.

Question 97

The strength of globalization on sport:

Answer 97

- Certain sporting events are available across the entire world via satellite. - The best players in the entire world are united to participate in certain events. - The equipment used is conceptualized in America for example, but assembled in Asia. - That same equipment is sold globally! - We see the presence of several transnational corporations investing in international sport. A lot of money. - We see a tight development of the sport-media complex.

Question 98

Factors that aid globalization:

Answer 98

The creation of global transport. (Airplane) The establishment of a world bank and of free-market strategies. The exchange of money across borders is simpler. The development of neoliberalism. The amplitude of transnational corporations and brands, as well as the presence of international associations (think IOC). The rapid development of the internet and social networks.

Question 99

The dimensions of globalization:

Answer 99

- People - technology (sporting equipment, manufacturing) -Economy - Media (streamed globally( -Ideology (the exchange of flow and values)

Question 100

Name the successes in Global sport:

Answer 100

- Availability of resources. Think in terms of equipment and funding. - Training methods. - Knowledge about sport medicine and sport science (kinesiology). - Efficiency of sport organizations. -The nation’s status in international sport (first place, more money.) - Migration of coaches, athletes, administrators (towards a successful country). - Accessibility to infrastructures. - The presence of the media. More visibility, usually more funding