exam semester 2 Flashcards
might die!
list the social determinants of health
- early life
- work
- stress
- unemployment
- addiction
- culture
- food
- transport
- social support
- social exclusion
- social gradient
social gradient
Society is segregated into classes or levels based on wealth. People identify themselves as being upper, middle or lower class based upon their income, housing, education or accumulated wealth.
unemployment
The psychological, financial and social consequences that arise from not being employed are damaging to ones health.
early life
The health of a mother during pregnancy, presence of complications during birth and quality of the first years of a child’s life will impact heavily on the wellbeing of the individual later in life.
social exclusion
Characterised by an individual being excluded from the life of society possibly due to unemployment, homelessness poverty, racism or discrimination.
work
Working is good for health. the safety of the workplace, the interaction of staff and co-workers and the control one has over their work life all impact on health status
stress
Individuals living in stressful circumstances for a long period of time live in a constant state of ‘fight or flight’. The autonomic and sympathetic nervous systems response to a stressful situation is useful when the situation requires immediate action and is short lived.
addiction
People turn to alcohol or drugs to escape their unhappy lives due to poverty, stress or unemployment
food
A healthy nutritious balanced diet is essential for growth, development and vitality.
transport
Choice of transport such as walking, cycling, skating can increase and be good for health of an individual.
social support
People with positive, rewarding, close friendships with have a better health status and live longer than those who either are socially isolated or have less supportive relationships.
culture
the cultural group to which an individual belongs in has an impact on their health behaviours as cultural expectations will influence decisions regarding things such as food choices, help seeking and rituals or traditions.
list the environmental determinants of health (Built and natural)
Natural:
- extreme weather
- ultra violet radiation
- food and water quality
- vector agents
- air quality
build:
- indoor air quality
- walkability
- transport
- greenspace
- environmental noise
- housing
extreme weather
Incudes droughts, floods, violent storms and wind, heat waves and high levels of precipitation
Causes physical harm to individuals such as injuries
Reduced populations access to roads, food, increase stress, impacts vulnerable population (elderly)
ultraviolet radiation
Ozone layer depletion - over or under exposure to the sun
Low = vitamin D deficiency, high = melanoma and skin cancer
food and water quality
Quality is fundamental to life, bacteria virus cells present can be dangerous to health e.g. hepatitis or salmonella
vector agents
Organisms such transmit disease (Mosquitos) - ross river virus, malaria
outdoor air quality
Pollution occurs when the air contains gases, dust, fumed and can lead to respiratory problems
indoor air quality
Includes outdoor air entering building, emissions from occupants (smoking), emissions from machinery. Can cause asthma to individuals
walkability
How suited an area is to walking. Street connectivity, land use and residential density. Can encourage physical activity.
transport
Physical infrastructure or vehicles that provide movement. Exposure to air pollution or move vehicles can increase green house emissions
green space
Area of open land that allow for leisure. Mental health is more positive with increased green space.
environmental noise
Roads, trains, planes. Unwanted noise disturbance can lead to stress and sleep deprivation
housing
The place an individual resides in. could be overcrowded resulting in higher stress levels. Housing quality could be poor - high risk of injuries, illness due to mould
geographical location
Refers to where people live. The region where people live, grow up, work can have an impact on their health - access to health care.
list the socioeconomic factors of health
- family
- education
- employment
- income
- migration/refugee status
- housing/neighbourhood
- food security
- access to services
income
Lower income earners: lower health status (often due to less access to nutritious food, medication, health facilities, specialists)
food security
The stability of available food within a population. Could be the presence of food such as famine or substantial crop.
housing/neighbourhood
Poorer ventilated, lack of heating/cooling, overcrowded, lacks hot water and food storage can lead to infection, disease and injuries.
housing (neighbourhood)
People who live in poorer neighbourhoods have higher mortality rates, worse birth outcomes, more illness and poorer reported health status than people living in higher income neighbourhoods
education
Those with education have less health problems and longer life expectancy. Increased knowledge on health issues, risky behaviours and consequences.
family
Wealthier families can peruse higher education, persevere through low income jobs and chase higher goals
access to services
Don’t usually prevent ill health from occurring but can prevent from spreading or worsening
mitigation/refugee status
Process of moving either across an international boarder or within a state. Can result from disasters or conflict within or between countries and can be problematic mentally and emotionally for people.
employment
Allows access to income and social networks (improved self-worth
list the biomedical determinants of health
- birth weight
- body weight
birth weight
Usually caused by premature birth or less than ideal pregnancy conditions
- Low birth rate babies are prone to ill-health such as type 2 diabetes, high BP, neurological and physical disabilities.
body weight
Excess body fat increases risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and high BP
what is health literacy?
Refers to the ability of individuals to access, read and comprehend reliable health information to make informed decisions
how can poor heath literacy affect health
- Not being able to understand information on labels - medicine, food, alcohol etc - increase chance of illness
-Not being able to follow instructions on prescribe medications - over dosing, not having enough
why is HL important for positive health
- Crucial for individuals to increase control over their own health
- Allows individuals to find accurate health information
benefits of HL
- Reduce cost to the healthcare system and prevents illness and chronic disease
- Helps reduce rate of accident and death
- Leads to less hospitalisations and social exclusion
examples of good health literacy
- Getting flu vaccines and other immunisations
- Researching and using a reliable health website
- Cancer screening
- Not overdosing on medication
list the levels of health literacy
functional
interactive
critical
functional health literacy:
Characterised by individuals with enough health literacy to choose products and services for personal use
They can read and follow instructions on labels and have some knowledge of risks
interactive health literacy
Moves from basic skills requires to choose products and read instructions and describes individuals who seek to improve their personal skills and strategies to act on health advice
critical health literacy
Possessing the cognition and skills (communication and investigation) to initiate social and political action for health outcomes
cognition
The mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses
list the skills of health literacy
accessing
reading
comprehending
accessing
obtaining or retrieving
To being able to obtain or retrieve information you need
reading
the action or skill of reading words or information
Once a consumer accesses health information they now need to be able to read it
comprehending
grasp mentally and/or understand
- Able to locate and get hold of information
- Be able to read it
- Need to grasp what the information is telling you and understand how it applies to you or the situation at hand
self care and examples
looking after yourself or personal health maintenance.
Include:
- Eating well
- Exercising
- Self-screening (skin checks, breast exams)
- Taking medication
- Rehabilitation exercises sleep
disease management
- Approach to healthcare that teaches patients how to manage a chronic disease
- Patients learn to take responsibility for understanding how to take care of themselves and avoid potential problems or exacerbation, or worsening of their health problem
multidisciplinary
combining or involving several academic disciplines or professional specialisations in an approach to a topic or a problem
chronic disease
illness that is prolonged in duration, does not usually go away itself and is rarely cured completely
features common to chronic disease include:
- Complex causes, with multiple factors leading to disease onset
- A long development period, for which there may be no symptoms
A long illness timespan, perhaps leading to other health complications
exacerbation
the process of making a problem, bad situation or negative feeling worse
6 principals of disease management + define each
- Care planning - patients work with health professionals such as doctors and specialists to prepare a detailed disease management plan
- Self-monitoring - patients are taught the symptoms of their conditions and how to monitor themselves for signs of symptoms
- Self-administered treatment - once patients can monitor their disease themselves they can administer their own treatment and/or medication
- Allies health professionals - the patient maintains appointments with allies health services such as dieticians physiotherapists and psychologists to support them in their disease management
- Emergency contact - encourages quick access to emergency help by providing patients with contact details to their GP, specialist and pharmacist
- Review - regular appointments with a health professional such as a nurse, carer or GP to monitor progress
list the products and service
factors that influence the use of health products and services
- Media
- Transport
- Cost
- Consumer confidence
media
Current affairs and product placement can all influence the use by society of health products and services
transport - products and service
Availability of public transport, parking and accessibility can all influence the uptake of health services
cost and example
People may often choose cheap products as they cant afford top brands as they are low income earners
E.g. ACL injury to repair - ranged from $5076 to $13,950
consumer confidence
Consumers have greater confidence in products that are true to their promises
e.g. panadol
4 p’s and define + example
Product: Not just the physical product, it is what a consumer needs.
- E.g. condoms. Examinations, diet, environmental protection
Place: The way the product reaches the consumer. Not just location of the individual. How does the product reach the individual?
- E.g. distribution system, retail outlets, where it is given out
Promotion: How it is advertised to create and sustain demand
- E.g. Public relations, promotion, media advocacy, personal selling and entertainment vehicles.
Price: What the individual must do to obtain the product. Not just financial, cost of the individual. May cost time, embarrassment, money
product placement
advertising technique used by companies to promote their product through a non-traditional advertising technique usually through appearances in film, television or other media
why use product placement
- its well remembered
- enables audience to develop stronger connection with the brand in a more neutral way
belief
what is thought to be true
self generated beliefs:
Experience: We develop beliefs due to experience we’ve had. Most powerful ways beliefs can be formed - proven to have a certain outcome
- E.g. alcohol can effect your vision
Reflection: Process people use to explain the world around them
- E.g. how much alcohol would it take to get drunk
external generated beliefs
Experts: Researching, seeking information and advice from qualified people
- E.g. alcohol causes liver disease - can only be known via expert conduction many tests and hours of research
Authority: People in leadership positions bring power which will ensure individuals believe what they are saying
- E.g. we will one day be a cashless society. This belief can be drawn from what they government says
attitudes
words, thoughts and actions influenced by values and beliefs
values
underlying principals that guide decision-making and define who we are (e.g. family, friends, honesty, trust)
social norm
A behaviour that is a regular part of society
cultural norm
Formed in a similar manner to social norm but less choice by individual
Usually determined by family expectation
Traditions, language spoken, customs, laws in country or origin, religious beliefs, leisure
health promotion
process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health
role of health promotion
to reduce burden of disease
role of prevention in health promotion
Many prevention strategies commonly target several categories of disease and as such prevent more than one disease
Whereas treatments will only target one specific illness or infection
4 factors for HP
focus
strategies
impact
outcomes
focus:
who is the HP aimed at? which specific individuals, groups or populations
strategies
what type of strategies will be implemented and which is going to be the most effective? Educational, motivational, operational, economic, regulatory, technological?
impact
how big an impact will the health promotion strategies have on the target audience? What can you do to ensure any implementations have the desired result? Focus is on behavioural and/or environmental adaptations
outcomes
desired outcome of health promotion and ultimately better health
health belief model
used in health promotion to motivate people to participate in interventions and prevention programs
health belief model steps - list and define
Perceived susceptibility: Within the health field susceptibility refers to the risk a person has to a particular disease or health outcome
Perceived severity:Addresses how serious the disease that a person is susceptible to can be
- E.g. in smoking lung cancer is one of the leading causes of death among the smoking population
Perceived threat: How an individual thinks about a disease results in what we refer to as the threat - 2 main processes (perceived benefits and barriers)
Cues to action: Strategies to activate ‘readiness’
Self-efficacy: Refers to an individuals belief they can carry out an action. Individuals belief to either succumb or succeed
enable + example
to make possible by empowering or helping, to give strength to or aid with the ability to complete tasks
provision of resources about the risks of binge drinking for health education teachers to deliver to high school aged students
mediate + example
Act between people to help solve problems or disputes, intervene as negotiators or objectivity to bring about resolution or agreement between two or more parties
example: encouraging partnerships between school and parents in community to find solutions about how to best handle rising rates of drink driving in teens
advocate + example
Speaking up on behalf of others who may not be able to speak for themselves
example: engaging a well known champion athlete or celebrity to raise awareness of the risks of binge drinking
ottowa charter 5 action areas + define & examples
Build healthy public policy: Puts health on the agenda of policy makers and helps citizens lead healthy lives by introducing laws and policies promoting healthy behaviours or banning unhealthy ones
- eg: smoke free workplaces
Create supportive environment: people need to care for each other and their communities, ensuring the living and working conditions of individuals and communities are safe, stimulating, satisfying and enjoyable to promote wellbeing
e.g. well lit walking paths, better parks and recreation facilities
Strengthen community action: Communities need to participate in change in order to become empowered and as a result taking control over their own health
e.g. fundraising for shade and better skate parks
Develop personal skills: Educating people to develop the necessary life skills to lead fulfilling, independent lives where they can make healthy choices.
e.g. developing life skills such as decision making, communication skills etc
Reorient health services:
Health care facilities and services need to change their attitude and organisation to refocus on the total needs of the individuals and recognise the patient as a whole person
e.g. health care facilities
self management skills
Skills used by an individual to give them the ability to manage or deal with a particular situation
coping skills
Skills that are a set of skills and strategies used by an individual to face or ‘deal’ with responsibilities, problems, or difficulties successfully or in a calm or adequate manner
skills vs strategy
Skill: the ability to do something well, expertise. A particular ability
Strategy: a plan of action to achieve a major or overall aim. The art of planning and directing overall actions or movement
list the 3 main coping skills
stress management
time management
accessing support
stress management + example
A range of techniques used to control a persons level of stress and reduce the physical and emotional burden of disease
e.g. breathing and relaxation techniques
accessing support + examples
The ability to ask for help and successfully utilise services and/or people to gain assistance
example: talking to a psychologist
5 A’s of access
- affordability
- availability
- accessibility
- accommodation
- acceptability
time management + example
effectively planning use of time to balance commitments and relaxation times. The ability to be organised and plan ahead of time to reduce stress and remain calm
e.g. mapping out the things you have to do in the day and then plan how your going to time around that to reduce stress
stress management skills
Assertiveness - practice expressing how you feel when upset or threatened
Learn how to say no - say no when situation causes unneeded stress
Reframe your problems - think about the situation positively, how bad is it? Reflect on positiveness in each situation or stressful time
Practice forgiveness - saves holding onto negative feelings. Share thoughts and feelings with trusted support person
stress management strategies
- Identify stressors and avoid them if possible
- Approach support people and ask them if you can turn to them when needed
- adopt a healthy lifestyle
time management strategies
- Plan time by making timetables, schedules and to do lists
- Prioritise activities and eliminate unnecessary or unhelpful activities from your schedule
- Work life balance
time management skills
- Sticking to timetable and schedule
- Being honest when allocating time to activities
- Live in the moment
skills required to work effectively with individuals and groups
- conflict resolution
- negotiation
- mediation
- leadership
interpersonal skills
the ability to communicate or interact well with other people
conflict resolution
two or more people having a discussion to find a peaceful solution to a disagreement among themselves
people will benefit by:
- Increased awareness of each other
- Increased group cohesion
effective conflict resolution involves skills such as:
- Empathy
- Managing emotions
- Assertiveness
- Mediation
- Negotiation
mediation
a negotiation to resolve differences that is conducted by some impartial third parties
e.g. Year co mediating between 2 students
skills for effective mediation
- maintain a positive attitude
- refocus the negative
- create a common enemy
negotiation:
Process of achieving agreement through discussion, used to resolve disputes
personality styles
extrovert
introvert
how to introverts communicate
- Hesitate before sharing personal information
- Are private and protective of their emotions, thoughts and feelings
- Need time to think before they respond
- Can be slow to react and they prefer communicating one on one
- Prefer written over verbal communication
introvert
People who get their energy and emotion from within themselves
extrovert
People who get their energy and emotion from the world and people around them
how do extroverts communicate
- Willingly and openly share information and ideas with others
- Need constant attention from those around them
- Good at public communication such as speeches and presentations
- Often the leader, manager or organiser
difference between introvert and extrovert
Introvert - more independent and generated energy from within
Extrovert: more group oriented and can generate energy from others
leadership:
involves enlisting of aid and support of others towards achieving a common task or completing a goal
3 types of leadership styles
autocratic
democratic
laissez-faire
autocratic leadership
The leader makes decisions without consulting others
e.g. addressing children or groups without the skills or capacity
- emergencies
- saftey is priority
democratic leadership style
Leader involves the people in the decision-making
e.g. group or school work
laissez-faire
Minimises the leaders involvement in decision-making, and the leader allows people to make their own decisions
e.g. new stages of a project
preventative strategies
- screening
- immunisation
screening
Involves the testing and manipulating of an otherwise healthy (non-symptomatic) population for signs of disease (before they even know they are sick)
e.g. HIV
immunisation
Vaccines help the body produce antibodies to attack dangerous intruders
levels of prevention
- primary
- secondary
- tertiary
primary prevention
aimed at the population as a whole and sets out to prevent disease before it occurs
e.g. immunisation, health education, washing hands
secondary prevention
to identify and/or treat infected people and catch the potential disease as early as possible to avoid advanced disease and symptoms
e.g. screening tests, pap smears, skin checks
tertiary preventions
when prevention has failed and secondary prevention has done all it can do to improve the patients situation, tertiary prevention becomes the means to fight the disease
includes: treatment, surgery, medication
e.g. the follow-up and monitoring of all prescribed medication, therapy to help restore function in debilitating diseases, any medical procedure meant to treat or cure the disease itself
purpose of health inquiry
- To explore health issues
- Gather data and information
- Developing conclusions
- Making recommendations to improve the health of a population or community
Inquiry begins with a question of desire to discover something new
steps of the health inquiry process
- planning
- locating and selecting
- interpreting
- presenting
what is epidemiology
The study and analysis of the distribution (who, when, and where) and of the determinants of health and disease conditions in defined populations
epidemiological triangle
Host
Age, sex, immune status, previous disease
Environment
Temperature, crowding, pollution, water
Agent
Bacteria, virus, chemical, radiation
measures of epidemiology (define)
Mortality: Can refer to the number of people who have died in a population (mortality rate)
infant mortality: The death of babies and children. Can be measured under 1 years of age (babies who don’t live to see their first birthdays)
morbidity: Sickness or illness. Can refer to the number of people sick or diseased in a population
incidence of disease: The number of new cases of a disease or condition in a specific place and time period
prevalence of disease: The overall number of cases of a specific disease in a given population at a certain time
life expectancy: How long, on average a person is expected to live, specific to population of origin or ethnic group
burden of disease: Health loss to society due to disease or injury that remains after treatment, rehabilitation or prevention efforts
5 priority areas of the JAkarta declaration:
Promote social responsibility for health:
Decision makers (both within private and public sectors) must commit to social responsibility. In other words, people have a responsibility to act within the best interest of society
Increase investments for health development:
Countries must invest more money in health – enough to make a positive change.
Consolidate and expand partnerships for health:
Countries must develop partnerships between governments and the broader society.
Increase community capacity and empower the individual:
Health promotion must be carried out BY and WITH people – not on or to people.
Secure infrastructure for health promotion:
Methods for funding health promotion must be found locally, nationally and globally.
NSFC - what does it stand for
national strategic framework for chronic conditions
what is the NSFC
Provides guidance for the development and implementation of policies, strategies and actions in Australia to address chronic
conditions and improve health outcomes for Australians
chronic conditions : 6 aspects
- Have complex and multiple causes
- May exist in isolation or may co-exist with other illnesses
- Usually have a gradual onset over a period of time
- Are more prevalent with older age
- Are long-term and persistent (3 months or longer)
- Are the most common and leading cause of premature mortality
diseases of concern
arthiritis
diabetes
back pain
cancer
non - communicable diseases
- A non infectious health condition that cannot be spread from person to person
- It lasts for a long period of time
- Known as a chronic diseases
NSFCC objectives
objective 1: focus on prevention for a healthier Australia
Objective 2: provide efficient, effective and appropriate care to support people with chronic conditions to optimise quality of life
Objective 3: target priority populations
community development
a structured intervention that gives communities greater control over the conditions that affect their lives.
principals of community development
- sustainability
- diversity
- human rights
- social justice
- addressing disadvantage
- valuing local knowledge, culture skills and resources
sustainability
Refers to a means of configuring communities and human activities so that society, its members and its economies are able to meet their needs and express their greatest potential in the present, while planning and acting for the ability to maintain these ideals in the long term.
e.g. funding and public participation into a event or initiative ca ensure the event is a success and continues to run
diversity
Refers to the quality of being different. Differences in gender, age, ethnicity, culture, and health are all examples of diversity
e.g. Diwali is the festival of lights for hindus
human rights
Refers to basic human rights and freedoms which all humans are entitled to
e.g. right to life and liberty
social justice
The concept of social justice may old some or all of the following beliefs: historical inequities in so far as they affect current injustices should be corrected until the actual inequities no longer exist or have been perceptively negotiated
e.g. homeless shelters or reducing stigmas around differences
addressing disadvantage
The responsibility of governments, policy makers, treasury and the united nations. Funds need to be directed towards projects or programs aimed at reducing poverty and disadvantage
E.g. ‘closing the gap in the Northen territory’, ‘indigenous community volunteers’
valuing local knowledge, culture, skills and resources
Culture skills and resources. All communities have an already existing real and potential skills and resources
emotional intelligence
the ability of an individual to recognise their emotions, understand what they mean and how they affect the people around you.
why is emotional intelligence important
- Leadership
- Physical health
- Mental wellbeing
- Success
- relationships
physical health:
Emotional intelligence can influence our ability to take care of our bodies and manage stress
mental wellbeing
Well developed emotional intelligence can improve attitude and outlook on life
relationships
Increased social awareness and developed social skills equips us to build healthier relationships
success
Higher emotional intelligence helps individuals be ‘self-motivators’ which can reduce procrastination, increase confidence and improve the ability to focus on goals
leadership
Leadership is the ability to understand what motivates others, how to relate in a positive manner and build strong bonds with others
5 emotional intelligence competencies
- self awareness
- self regulation
- self motivation
- social awareness
- social skills
what is contemporary technology
Modern technology to create or alter ways in which medical procedures can be performed
organ donation
The process of surgically removing an organ or tissue from one person and placing it into another person
liver transplant
To remove a diseased or injured liver and replace it with a healthy whole liver or a segment of a liver from another person.
needed if the person has
* Acute Liver Failure (ALF) happens suddenly – usually overdose.
* Chronic liver failure - progresses over period of time, usually result of cirrhosis.
IVF
- A method of assisted reproduction
- In IVF, sperm and egg are combined and fertilized in vitro (in a test tube or petri dish)
IVF procedure
- Stimulating the ovaries
- Collecting the eggs
- Fertilisation
why use IVF
- Used to help coupled who cant conceive naturally, become pregnant and have a family
stem cells
Undifferentiated cells that become differentiated into any kinds of cells in the body, they often are used to replace old cells when they wear out and die
2 groups of stem cells:
adult and embryonic stem cells
2 kinds of stem cells
- tissue - specific stem cells
- pluripotent stem cells
genetically modified foods:
GM food are those where the animal or plant they come from has had new genes inserted into the existing gene sequence.
