Exam section B - Essay

Question 1

Psychological implications of conflict for soldiers during conflict

Answer 1

Psychological arousal and fear - trauma of close-range interpersonal aggression - Resistance to killing - over-ridden - Combat fatigue - PTSD

Question 2

Psychological implications of conflict for civilian children during conflict

Answer 2

Girls - internalising Boys - externalising Girls fare better than boys Boys more exposure to violence Girls less exposure to violence Boys affected by increased independence Girls more resilient in face of increased independence Age not conclusive - for increased/decreased resilience or effects

Question 3

External factors that influence resilience in children during conflict

Answer 3

Parents mental health Parents level of education Parents occupation status Region of residence

Question 4

Internal factors that influence resilience in children during conflict (PNEUMONIC: TVEE)

Answer 4

Temperament Values (religious) -Emotional orientation - sense of hope, sense of agency, future orientation -Emotional skills - social intelligence, empathy, affect regulation

Question 5

For adults, factors that influence resilience during conflict (PNEUMONIC: ROSES)

Answer 5

*Religion *Optimism *Sense of hope *Engagement in processes of meaning-making *Self-esteem

Question 6

At a societal level what type of resources will influence communities during conflict

Answer 6

Family resources (Income, housing, etc) Social resources (school, work, etc) Social Support Role models Cultural resources Communal activities

Question 7

Community resilience can be found during conflict when which 5 emotional orientations are present (PNEUMONIC: SPATS)

Answer 7

Sense of hope Patterns of interdependence Sense of agency Altruism Trusting

Question 8

3 characteristics of a community that is more resilient during conflict

Answer 8

Collective identity Community cohesion Hardiness

Question 9

4 community resources that impact on resilience during conflict (PNEUMONIC: HOSE)

Answer 9

Health services Other organisations Social services Economic services

Question 10

2 other things that can help with maintaining community resilience

Answer 10

Formal and informal networks Community activities

Question 11

Effects of conflict on civilians:

Answer 11

1. Internal displacements and refugees across borders 2. Lack of shelter, food, basic services, infrastructure 3. Loss of family 4. Disruption to daily life

Question 12

When the 4 things mentioned in the previous question, effect civilians, what can occur?

Answer 12

1. re-emergence of infectious disease/new epidemics 2. Malnutrition leading to poorer health outcomes and increased mental illness rates

Question 13

In what other ways are civilians impacted by political violence

Answer 13

Poverty Unemployment Broken families Alcohol and drug abuse Domestic/street violence

Question 14

What are the psychological effects of conflict on military personnel after war?

Answer 14

PTSD but also some profound positive effects

Question 15

Levels of PTSD increased from what war to what war to what war

Answer 15

World War 2 to Vietnam, to Afghanistan/Iraq

Question 16

Factors that influence the post-war effects on soldiers

Answer 16

Pre-military characteristics Age at time of service Type of service Exposure to negative/positive experiences during service Homecoming - economic and social experiences

Question 17

Factors that influence refugees after war

Answer 17

Tendency to focus on psychological health and ignore social/economic factors affecting them Tendency to ignore resiliency factors Tendency to ignore circumstances in the host country Tendency to ignore post-migration experiences on mental health

Question 18

What are some of the social/economic issues that affect refugees post-migration

Answer 18

Poor social relations Social adversity Forced cultural acclimation to host society No choices over where they live No control over lives Voucher-based systems for food, haircuts, etc = dis-empowering

Question 19

Decline of war: post-conflict societies, what program?

Answer 19

DRD Disarmement Demobilisation Reintegration

Question 20

Many ex-combatants/child soldiers expereince what?

Answer 20

PTSD addictions depression psychotic conditions

Question 21

Having mental health issues makes it difficult for ex-combatants and child soldiers to ……………… (2 things)

Answer 21

Reintegrate into society Support reconsiliation and peace

Question 22

What are 3 impacts specific to child soldiers

Answer 22

They’ve grown up with a culture of violence and aggression They may not know how to behave in peacetime They may lack morals

Question 23

What type of mental health treatments have been offered to ex-combatants and child-soldiers, post conflict?

Answer 23

Narrative exposure therapy Interpersonal therapy

Question 24

What is need to help reintegrate these people into society post-war

Answer 24

Community interventions

Question 25

What are some post-war issues that will impact on re-integration into society

Answer 25

Economic issues - struggle to meet basic needs Little access to schooling, housing, training, medical assistance They may have little to no education Some don't have communities to return to

Question 26

Disarmement

Answer 26

Collect weapons

Question 27

Demobolise

Answer 27

Discharge from fighting unit

Question 28

Reintegrate

Answer 28

Settle into selected communities

Question 29

PTSD victims find it hard to reintegrate for what 3 reasons

Answer 29

Concentration difficulties Easily hyper-aroused/aggressive Unable to maintain social/intimate relationships

Question 30

The cumulative effects of trauma exposure lead to what?

Answer 30

Worse long-term outcomes

Question 31

What difficulties may be experienced at the individual level for those ex-combatants with PTSD in the post-war society

Answer 31

Reduced ability to self-care Unable to provide for family Unable to establish/sustain relationships Unable to generate income Unable to get work because of MH issues

Question 32

What difficulties may be experienced at the community level for those ex-combatants with PTSD in the post-war society

Answer 32

Increased partner aggression/violence Increased aggression/violence towards strangers Alcohol abuse leading to family violence and mistreatment of children

Question 33

What difficulties may be experienced at the communal level for those ex-combatants with PTSD in the post-war society

Answer 33

Negative attitudes of host communities toward ex-combatants Acting-out behaviours leading to reduced integration ability Double stigma of mental illness and being an ex-combatant Increased criminality when lack of resources causes one to fight/steal to survive

Question 34

When ex-combatants have trouble integrating into post war communities, what can happen?

Answer 34

They can form sub-groups They can be given special treatment This can lead to jealousy and envy from civilian members of society as ex-combatants are seen to get special treatment

Question 35

War related stress can lead to what?

Answer 35

A cycle of violence

Question 36

What 5 things are likely to increase the risk of a continuing cycle of violence

Answer 36

1. Failure to re-integrate 2. Failure to reconcile/peace-build as a result of psych problems - self-esteem/trust shattered 3. Revenge as a result of psychological distress 4. Cognitive distortions: Good/bad, black/white worldviews as result of experience 5. Transfer of trauma to the next generation through epigenetic changes