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175.304 Psychology of Security > Exam section A - Question 2 > Flashcards

Exam section A - Question 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

According to the evolutionary theory of crime, what is inherited?

A

Behavioural characteristics

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2
Q

Natural selection results in what?

A

Traits of the fittest, strongest, and cleverest human beings is passed from one generation to the next

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3
Q

Why are some behaviors passes from one generation to the next

A

If they confer some evolutionary advantage

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4
Q

What type of adaptations will be inherited

A

Those allow for survival

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5
Q

What are some individual traits of criminal behaviour that persist?

A

Impulsiveness
Aggression
Lack of empathy

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6
Q

How does the evolutionary theory of crime account for the criminal behaviours that persist?

A

They are strategies that people can use to outwit and compete for resources and mates

Strategies of exploitation

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7
Q

The exploitation strategy seen in psychopaths is what?

A

A special adaptation evolved to achieve success in manipulating others for personal gain

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8
Q

How does the evolutionary theory of crime account for sexual violence

A

An aberrant strategy to attempt reproductive success, with the goal being, sexual activity

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9
Q

According to neuro-psychological theories of crime, there are higher rates of what among criminals, especially juveniles

A

Head injuries

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10
Q

Criticism of neuropsychological theory (chicken or egg)

A

Do head injuries lead to increased criminal behaviour

or do those who engage in crime, have more chance of getting a head injury?

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11
Q

Correlations between criminality and what are weak?

A

IQ

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12
Q

What alternative social factors alongside IQ can contribute to criminal activity

A

Poor educational attainment
Poor basic social skills
Increased levels of unemployment
Increased likelihoods of arrest

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13
Q

How much lower in general is IQ in offenders compared to non-offenders

A

8 points lower

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14
Q

Low IQ in sex offenders is linked to what?

A

Low impulse control

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15
Q

IQ combined with what social factors is more likely to lead to increased/decreased criminality

A

Reward and punishment
Reward - repeat behaviour
Punishment - deterrent

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16
Q

Who is known for social learning theory

A

Bandura

17
Q

What is the basic premise of social learning theory

A

Behaviour is learned through imitation

18
Q

What is differential reinforcement

A

Reinforced by reward - excitement or acquisition

Reinforced by not being caught

19
Q

Children who develop within a criminal environment will see criminal behaviour as what?

A

Normal

20
Q

How does differential reinforcement work

A

The pattern of reinforcement causes the behaviours to become internalised

21
Q

What is control theory?

A

Needs/desires of individuals/groups can more easily be satisifed by crime

22
Q

What are the mechanisms behind control theory

A

More to lose - less likely to engage in behaviour

Less to lose - more likely to engage in behaviour

23
Q

What is rational choice theory

A

Choice to commit crimes which hold a specific purpose for the criminal
It is a cost -reward decision-making process

24
Q

Psychodynamic theories of crime postulate…….

A

Strong ID, coupled by a weak super-ego, leads to inability to inhibit impulses and the person seeks immediate gratification

25
Q

ID/ego/superego imbalance leads to what

A

Unconscious conflicts –> defence mechanisms and problem personality traits and problematic behaviours

26
Q

Psychodynamic theories believe that criminality is what?

A

The external manifestation of internal disease

27
Q

What happens when a child progresses through the psychosexual stages of development in a normal fashion

A

They will develop a sense of morality

28
Q

If a child experiences trauma or deviant learning whilst growing up, what happens?

A

Their superego will be underdeveloped

29
Q

When a person has a undeveloped superego what 2 things can occur

A

Difficulties understanding issues of morality

Development of sociopathic/psychopathic personality

30
Q

Psychopathy

A

A set of personality traits that can lead to antisocial personality disorder, but are not always associated with antisocial behaviour

A term that is often used to describe serious and violent criminal behaviour

31
Q

What is associated with psychopathy

A

Lower cortisal arousal levels

32
Q

Lower cortisal levels coupled with what traits can lead to criminal activity

A

extraversion and neuroticism

175.304 Psychology of Security (5 decks)

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