Exam section A - Question 1

Question 1

Name the 8 societal beliefs of the conflictive ethos of a society (PNEUMONIC: JOGS PSI VD PUP)

Answer 1

Justness of one's own goals
Security
Positive-self-image
One's own victimisation
Delegitimising the opponent
Patriotism
Unity
Peace

Question 2

Justness of One’s Own Goals

Answer 2

Reasons/explanations/rationales surrounding the goals that led to conflict

Question 3

Security

Answer 3

Conditions for achievement of personal safety and national survival

Question 4

Positive Self-Image

Answer 4

Tendency to attribute positive traits, values, and behaviours to one’s own society

Question 5

One’s own Victimisation

Answer 5

Self-presentation as a victim

Focusing on harms/evil deeds/atrocities committed by adversary

Question 6

Delegitimising the Opponent

Answer 6

Political negative labels
Outcasting
Negative trait characterisation
Negative group comparison
Denial of adversary's humanity

Question 7

Patriotism

Answer 7

Attachment to country/society

Propogating loyalty, love, care, and sacrfice

Question 8

Unity

Answer 8

Ignore internal conflicts and disagreements to unite the forces in the face of external threat

Question 9

Peace

Answer 9

The ultimate desire of the society

Question 10

Which 3 of the 8 beliefs of the conflictive ethos are key obstacles to reconciliation

Answer 10

Justice of One’s Own Goals
Positive self-image
Delegitimising the opponent

Question 11

First step to alter the conflictive ethos

Answer 11

Alter beliefs about societal goals to remove the cognitive foundations of the conflict

Question 12

Step 1 (continued) - 3 ways in which to alter beliefs about societal goals to remove the cognitive foundations of the conflict

Answer 12

1. Postpone/abolish societal dream
2. Formal conflict termination/peace agreement
3. Formation of new goals - Cooperative relationships and living in peaceful co-existence

Question 13

Second step to the change the conflictive ethos

Answer 13

Change stereotype about the adversary group to increase trust

Question 14

Step 2 (continued) - 4 ways to change stereotype about the adversary group to increase trust

Answer 14

1. Legitimisation - grant humanity/see as acceptable
2. Personalisation - See as human beings/perceive as humane
3. Stereotyping _ add positive stereotypes/ remove delegitimising stereotypes
4. Some kind of forgiveness for harms done

Question 15

Third step to change the conflictive ethos

Answer 15

Change beliefs about the in-group

Question 16

Step 3 (continued) 3 ways to change the beliefs about the in-group

Answer 16

1. Acknowledge contribution to outbreak and maintenance of conflict
2. Acknowledge misdeeds
3. Recognise both groups as victims

Question 17

Fourth step in changing the conflictive ethos

Answer 17

Form new beliefs about inter-group relationships in the past, present and future

Question 18

Step 4 (present) focus

Answer 18

Normalisation of relationships
Legitimisation of construction of new relations
Provide rationale for change

Question 19

Step 4 (future) focus

Answer 19

Establish beliefs about cooperative and friendly relations,
emphasise the importance of this,
and describe the utility of their amicable nature

Question 20

Step 4 (past) focus

Answer 20

Critical examination of the history - actions of each group

Question 21

Fifth step in changing the conflictive ethos

Answer 21

New beliefs about the nature of peace and ways of living in conditions of peace

Question 22

Step 5 involves what 2 processes

Answer 22

New conflicts to be resolved through peaceful methods such as arbitration, mediation, negotiation

Conflict resolution requires compromise and concession