exam s1 Flashcards
natural hazard 1
- earthquakes are seismic waves of energy that radiate from faults in all directions, involving violent shaking between the oceanic and continental crust
- 2011 tohoku earthquake
natural hazard 2
- tsunami is a series of waves usually triggered by an earthquake, volcanic eruption or anything that produces rapid displacement of a body of water
- 2011 tohoku tsunami
atmospheric hazards
are hazard within our atmosphere and involves weather processes like wind and rain
- cyclones and storms
hydrological hazards
are hazards driven by hydrological processes in the water cycle
- floods and drought
geomorphic hazards
are hazards driven by the geological processes of the Earth, particularly plate tectonics
- tsunamis and volcanos
volcanoes
is a vent in the earths surface that allows magma to escape from the interior, causing an eruption of lava and gas into the atmosphere and surrounding environment
characteristics and causes of Ebola
- zoonotic disease: an infectious disease that can be naturally transmitted between animals and human
beginning symptoms: incubation period of 2-21days
- headaches
- bleeding and bruising without obvious cause
advance symptoms:
- red eyes
- bleeding from nose and mouth
- as a zoonotic disease, a person can become infected when encountering an infected animal such as a monkey or bat
transmission: - can occur through the handling of wild animals or meat from infected animals
- direct contact via skin or bodily fluids with infected person
- person come in contact w infected corpse
- virus can rapidly replicate within a cell
e spatial and temporal distribution of
Ebola
- local transmission of E in humans has been isolated to the African continent, with outbreaks in DRC, South Sudan and Guinea
- isolated cases, from travellers have occurred in USA, Spain & Italy
- there has been around 30 human Ebola outbreaks between 1976 and 2021 with 12,630 deaths
How do physical and/or human
processes determine the spatial and
temporal distribution of Ebola
- climate (higher chance of outbreak in humid weather)
- social behaviour (helping the sick, refugees fleeing)
- health systems (poorly prepared, inadequately resourced)
Event Ebola in West Africa 2018-2020
- The cause of the Ebola outbreak
the outbreak was believed to be from the unsafe burial of an infected 65 year old woman, where 7 of her family members died shortly after
magnitude, duration, frequency,
probability and scale of spatial impact of
the Ebola outbreak
- magnitude: of this outbreak infected 3,470 people and 2,287 deaths (66% fatality rate).
- duration: was the 22 month outbreak period with typical 2 weeks infection for an individual
- probability: high frequency of Ebola occurring. There has been 12 outbreaks since Ebola was first discovered in 1976.
- scale of spatial impact: had covered over 47 health zones across North Kivu and Ituri provinces.
The environmental, economic and
social impacts of the Ebola outbreak
environmental:
- wildlife
economic:
- trade > slow border crossing > market prices to fluctuate
- agriculture > food insecurity (due to conflict)
social:
- children (more than 2100 orphaned) > school closed affecting 2mil children
- women (positive impact) > women were trained by women leaders from CAF and WHO > changing perception of Ebola by running 2week information campaigns > provided education about Ebola and empowering women
two hazard risk management strategies implemented to
reduce the impacts of the Ebola,
including mitigation and preparedness
vaccinations:
- Ervebo
