Exam revision dates block 6 Flashcards
USA abolition of slavery
1863
Russia abolish serfdom
1861
Spanish liberal revolution
1865-74
3rd French republic
1870
Who led the MEXICAN liberal revolution?
Benito Juarez
By what name did the Mexican liberal revolution go by?
La Reforma
When was La Reforma?
1854-57
What were the 3 main effects of La Reforma?
- Abolished fueros (clergy and military privileges)
- Liberal constitution 1857 (incl Bill of Rights)
- Forced repatriation of church land
How were Brazil and Cuba effected by the international context in the 1860s?
Abolitionists inspired by USA and Russia –> abolitionism revival
How were Mexico and Brazil inspired by the international context in the 1860s?
Spanish and French republicanism influenced Mexican and Brazilian intellectuals –> republicanism revival
What were the main failures of La Reforma?
Land policy failure –> large land owners became wealthier while landless peasants became worse off
In what year was Mexico City conquered and by who?
1863 France
What is the name of the French monarch who reigned over Mexico?
Maximillian, Hapsburg emperor
Which group supported the French monarch in Mexico and why?
The clergy –> Maximillian attempted to destroy La Reforma which had weakened the power of the church
Why was Maximillian overthrown? 2 main points
Franco-Prussian war –> France weakened
US civil war ends (1861-65) –> US doesn’t like European involvement in its hemisphere
When is Benito Juarez reelected president? What does this signal?
1867 - La Reforma becomes irreversible
When is the conservative military coup in Mexico? Who is it led by?
1876 Porfirio Diaz
How long does the conservative military rule last? How can this rule be characterised?
34 years - positivist developmental dictatorship
Cuban 10 year war
1868-78
Structural causes of the Cuban 10 yr war (3 points)
- Industrial revolution (less need for slaves - how to gain independence without abolishing slavery?)
- Economic polarisation between East and West Cuba
- Discontented Planters (no pol. power, depend on Spain & US trade for financial capital)
Ban of Atlantic slave trade by which 2 powers?
1803 US & Britain
Immediate causes of Cuban 10 yr war (1868-78) (4 points)
- US abolition 1863
- Spanish losing colonies in the 60s (Peru, Mexico, S Domingo)
- 1866 economic crisis - sugar prices fall
- 1868 Spanish Liberal Revolution
How would you characterise East Cuba’s stance during the war? What kind of people led the war here?
Radical - revolutionary troops and radical military leaders
How would you characterise West Cuba’s stance during the war? What kind of people led the war here?
Moderate - moderate civilian leaders
What was the demographic of East Cuba? (3 groups)
Minority planter
Free peasants and slaves
Urban intellectuals and middle class
What was the demographic of West Cuba? (2 groups)
Workers
Intellectuals and urban middle class
(NOT SLAVES OR SLAVEHOLDERS)
Name of the Cuban revolutionary leader? Which part of Cuba was he from?
Carlos Céspedes - Planter from the EAST
What was the national question during the Cuban 10 year war (1968-78)?
Whether to fight or independence, autonomy, or annexation to the US?
What was the social question during the Cuban 10 year war (1868-78)?
What kind of abolition –> gradual abolition with compensation?
What did the end of the Cuban 10 year war (1868-78) culminate in?
Peace of Zanjón (1878)
What did the Peace of Zanjón (1878) symbolise?
Failure of the radicals to continue the war - Cuba remained a Spanish colony
What was the main effect of the Peace of Zanjón (1878) that attributed to the abolitionist movement?
Slaves that fought during the war were freed –> opened the floodgates to eventual complete abolition
When was slavery de facto abolished in Cuba? What was the law called?
1880 Patronato Law
What replaced slavery in Cuba? Was it much different from slavery?
Patronato Law - No, paid too little and forced to stay with previous owners –> left in place fundamental structure of slavery
When was de jure abolition in Cuba?
1886 Royal Decree - criminalised the Patronato
What did the Patronato Law 1880 symbolise?
intermediary stage to full abolition / gradual transition
What political change occurs in 1890s in Cuba?
A party system emerges
Date the Cuban independence revolution
1895-98
Date the Spanish American war
1898
Date the prohibition of the Transatlantic slave trade
1850
What was the effect of the prohibition of the transatlantic slave trade (1850) in Brazil?
External source of slaves dried up –> high slave prices
What was the temporary solution to the prohibition of the transatlantic slave trade (1850) in Brazil?
Internal slave trade –> Northern sugar planter sell to Rich coffee barons in Rio
What was the long term effect of the prohibition of the transatlantic slave trade (1850) in Brazil?
Slave price eventually falls and internal slave trade ends (slaves = dead capital)
Date the Paraguyan War
1864-70
Who formed the Triple Alliance that fought against Paraguay during the war (1864-70)?
Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay
What was the main effect of the Paraguayan war (1864-70) in Brazil?
Catalyst for change that led to the gradual abolition of slavery
How did the Paraguayan war (1864-70) contribute to abolition in Brazil? (2 points)
- Slaves that fought were freed
2. Changing attitudes among officer corps and large part of public
Name and date the 3 laws that made up the gradual abolition of slavery in Brazil
- Law of the Free Womb 1871
- Law of the Sexagenarians 1885
- Golden Law 1888
Name the 3 pillars of the monarchy that were undermined in Brazil
Catholic Church
Army
Poder Moderador
How did the Catholic Church undermine the monarchy and when in Brazil?
1872-75 Ultramontanism (power of the pope, not monarch) –> challenge imperial patronato
How did the army undermine the monarchy and when in Brazil?
1880-89 Army integrate into abolitionist and republican movements / want to be able to publicly express political opinion (effect of Para War (1865-70)
How did the poder moderador undermine the monarchy and when in Brazil?
1868 Radical Liberals split from Liberal party (Liberal party = monarchical party) –> conservative power in government
Who made up the Republican movement in Brazil? (2 main groups)
- Radicals that split from the Liberal party
2. Army officers that fought in the Paraguayan war (1865-70)
Name the two republican parties in Brazil and the date of their formation
Rio de Janiero Clube Republicano (1870)
Sao Paolo partido republicano Paulista (1873)
Who were the Paulistas?
coffee oligarchy
What was the immediate cause for the abolition of slavery in Brazil 1888?
Mass fleeing of slaves –> Army Marshall Fonseca refuses to use army as a slave catcher
When was the republic in Brazil declared?
1889
What was the main reason the Republic was declared in Brazil 1889?
Paulistas no longer had a need for the monarchy once slavery was abolished in 1888
Who led the new Brazilian republic (1889)?
Young military officers of the Paraguayan war (1865-70)
Between when did Marshall Fonseca lead the Brazilian republic (est. 1889) - why did he fail
1889-1891 –> ran the country like a military and created a financial crisis
What government replaced Fonseca in 1891? What did they do (3 things)
Peixoto (1891-94) - Centralisation, industrialisation, state interventionism
What were the de facto effects of abolition in Brazil (1888)?
No real effects. Personal freedoms still limited (no access to education and public goods) / ethnic and economic discrimination
How and when do the Paulistas come into power in Brazil?
1894 elected into office - aid the military by preventing a naval takeover
Why are slaves still worse off after abolition?
Investment goes instead to attract white skilled immigrants rather than educating black people
Social change after abolition for the planters in Cuba?
Cuba: Latifundistas become colonos (farmers) –> basically just a change in name no real material change for the slaves
How was abolition linked to political change?
Fall of the monarchy in both Cuba and Brazil. No longer need for monarchy. Replaced with a republic in Brazil. Cuba gains independence in 1898 –> slaves backbone of movement
