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Latin American Comparative History > Exam revision dates block 6 > Flashcards

Exam revision dates block 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

USA abolition of slavery

A

1863

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2
Q

Russia abolish serfdom

A

1861

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3
Q

Spanish liberal revolution

A

1865-74

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4
Q

3rd French republic

A

1870

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5
Q

Who led the MEXICAN liberal revolution?

A

Benito Juarez

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6
Q

By what name did the Mexican liberal revolution go by?

A

La Reforma

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7
Q

When was La Reforma?

A

1854-57

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8
Q

What were the 3 main effects of La Reforma?

A
  1. Abolished fueros (clergy and military privileges)
  2. Liberal constitution 1857 (incl Bill of Rights)
  3. Forced repatriation of church land
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9
Q

How were Brazil and Cuba effected by the international context in the 1860s?

A

Abolitionists inspired by USA and Russia –> abolitionism revival

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10
Q

How were Mexico and Brazil inspired by the international context in the 1860s?

A

Spanish and French republicanism influenced Mexican and Brazilian intellectuals –> republicanism revival

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11
Q

What were the main failures of La Reforma?

A

Land policy failure –> large land owners became wealthier while landless peasants became worse off

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12
Q

In what year was Mexico City conquered and by who?

A

1863 France

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13
Q

What is the name of the French monarch who reigned over Mexico?

A

Maximillian, Hapsburg emperor

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14
Q

Which group supported the French monarch in Mexico and why?

A

The clergy –> Maximillian attempted to destroy La Reforma which had weakened the power of the church

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15
Q

Why was Maximillian overthrown? 2 main points

A

Franco-Prussian war –> France weakened

US civil war ends (1861-65) –> US doesn’t like European involvement in its hemisphere

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16
Q

When is Benito Juarez reelected president? What does this signal?

A

1867 - La Reforma becomes irreversible

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17
Q

When is the conservative military coup in Mexico? Who is it led by?

A

1876 Porfirio Diaz

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18
Q

How long does the conservative military rule last? How can this rule be characterised?

A

34 years - positivist developmental dictatorship

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19
Q

Cuban 10 year war

A

1868-78

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20
Q

Structural causes of the Cuban 10 yr war (3 points)

A
  1. Industrial revolution (less need for slaves - how to gain independence without abolishing slavery?)
  2. Economic polarisation between East and West Cuba
  3. Discontented Planters (no pol. power, depend on Spain & US trade for financial capital)
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21
Q

Ban of Atlantic slave trade by which 2 powers?

A

1803 US & Britain

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22
Q

Immediate causes of Cuban 10 yr war (1868-78) (4 points)

A
  1. US abolition 1863
  2. Spanish losing colonies in the 60s (Peru, Mexico, S Domingo)
  3. 1866 economic crisis - sugar prices fall
  4. 1868 Spanish Liberal Revolution
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23
Q

How would you characterise East Cuba’s stance during the war? What kind of people led the war here?

A

Radical - revolutionary troops and radical military leaders

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24
Q

How would you characterise West Cuba’s stance during the war? What kind of people led the war here?

A

Moderate - moderate civilian leaders

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25
Q

What was the demographic of East Cuba? (3 groups)

A

Minority planter
Free peasants and slaves
Urban intellectuals and middle class

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26
Q

What was the demographic of West Cuba? (2 groups)

A

Workers
Intellectuals and urban middle class
(NOT SLAVES OR SLAVEHOLDERS)

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27
Q

Name of the Cuban revolutionary leader? Which part of Cuba was he from?

A

Carlos Céspedes - Planter from the EAST

28
Q

What was the national question during the Cuban 10 year war (1968-78)?

A

Whether to fight or independence, autonomy, or annexation to the US?

29
Q

What was the social question during the Cuban 10 year war (1868-78)?

A

What kind of abolition –> gradual abolition with compensation?

30
Q

What did the end of the Cuban 10 year war (1868-78) culminate in?

A

Peace of Zanjón (1878)

31
Q

What did the Peace of Zanjón (1878) symbolise?

A

Failure of the radicals to continue the war - Cuba remained a Spanish colony

32
Q

What was the main effect of the Peace of Zanjón (1878) that attributed to the abolitionist movement?

A

Slaves that fought during the war were freed –> opened the floodgates to eventual complete abolition

33
Q

When was slavery de facto abolished in Cuba? What was the law called?

A

1880 Patronato Law

34
Q

What replaced slavery in Cuba? Was it much different from slavery?

A

Patronato Law - No, paid too little and forced to stay with previous owners –> left in place fundamental structure of slavery

35
Q

When was de jure abolition in Cuba?

A

1886 Royal Decree - criminalised the Patronato

36
Q

What did the Patronato Law 1880 symbolise?

A

intermediary stage to full abolition / gradual transition

37
Q

What political change occurs in 1890s in Cuba?

A

A party system emerges

38
Q

Date the Cuban independence revolution

A

1895-98

39
Q

Date the Spanish American war

A

1898

40
Q

Date the prohibition of the Transatlantic slave trade

A

1850

41
Q

What was the effect of the prohibition of the transatlantic slave trade (1850) in Brazil?

A

External source of slaves dried up –> high slave prices

42
Q

What was the temporary solution to the prohibition of the transatlantic slave trade (1850) in Brazil?

A

Internal slave trade –> Northern sugar planter sell to Rich coffee barons in Rio

43
Q

What was the long term effect of the prohibition of the transatlantic slave trade (1850) in Brazil?

A

Slave price eventually falls and internal slave trade ends (slaves = dead capital)

44
Q

Date the Paraguyan War

A

1864-70

45
Q

Who formed the Triple Alliance that fought against Paraguay during the war (1864-70)?

A

Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay

46
Q

What was the main effect of the Paraguayan war (1864-70) in Brazil?

A

Catalyst for change that led to the gradual abolition of slavery

47
Q

How did the Paraguayan war (1864-70) contribute to abolition in Brazil? (2 points)

A
  1. Slaves that fought were freed

2. Changing attitudes among officer corps and large part of public

48
Q

Name and date the 3 laws that made up the gradual abolition of slavery in Brazil

A
  1. Law of the Free Womb 1871
  2. Law of the Sexagenarians 1885
  3. Golden Law 1888
49
Q

Name the 3 pillars of the monarchy that were undermined in Brazil

A

Catholic Church
Army
Poder Moderador

50
Q

How did the Catholic Church undermine the monarchy and when in Brazil?

A

1872-75 Ultramontanism (power of the pope, not monarch) –> challenge imperial patronato

51
Q

How did the army undermine the monarchy and when in Brazil?

A

1880-89 Army integrate into abolitionist and republican movements / want to be able to publicly express political opinion (effect of Para War (1865-70)

52
Q

How did the poder moderador undermine the monarchy and when in Brazil?

A

1868 Radical Liberals split from Liberal party (Liberal party = monarchical party) –> conservative power in government

53
Q

Who made up the Republican movement in Brazil? (2 main groups)

A
  1. Radicals that split from the Liberal party

2. Army officers that fought in the Paraguayan war (1865-70)

54
Q

Name the two republican parties in Brazil and the date of their formation

A

Rio de Janiero Clube Republicano (1870)

Sao Paolo partido republicano Paulista (1873)

55
Q

Who were the Paulistas?

A

coffee oligarchy

56
Q

What was the immediate cause for the abolition of slavery in Brazil 1888?

A

Mass fleeing of slaves –> Army Marshall Fonseca refuses to use army as a slave catcher

57
Q

When was the republic in Brazil declared?

A

1889

58
Q

What was the main reason the Republic was declared in Brazil 1889?

A

Paulistas no longer had a need for the monarchy once slavery was abolished in 1888

59
Q

Who led the new Brazilian republic (1889)?

A

Young military officers of the Paraguayan war (1865-70)

60
Q

Between when did Marshall Fonseca lead the Brazilian republic (est. 1889) - why did he fail

A

1889-1891 –> ran the country like a military and created a financial crisis

61
Q

What government replaced Fonseca in 1891? What did they do (3 things)

A

Peixoto (1891-94) - Centralisation, industrialisation, state interventionism

62
Q

What were the de facto effects of abolition in Brazil (1888)?

A

No real effects. Personal freedoms still limited (no access to education and public goods) / ethnic and economic discrimination

63
Q

How and when do the Paulistas come into power in Brazil?

A

1894 elected into office - aid the military by preventing a naval takeover

64
Q

Why are slaves still worse off after abolition?

A

Investment goes instead to attract white skilled immigrants rather than educating black people

65
Q

Social change after abolition for the planters in Cuba?

A

Cuba: Latifundistas become colonos (farmers) –> basically just a change in name no real material change for the slaves

66
Q

How was abolition linked to political change?

A

Fall of the monarchy in both Cuba and Brazil. No longer need for monarchy. Replaced with a republic in Brazil. Cuba gains independence in 1898 –> slaves backbone of movement

Latin American Comparative History (3 decks)

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