Exam revision dates block 1 Flashcards
Peak of the Bourbon reforms
1759-1788
Hatian revolution
1791-1804
International context which country was on the rise?
Britain = centre of new economic order with industrial revolution
How did the Enlightenment decrease church influence?
Rational/scientific thinking –> church couldn’t legitimise the authority of the state
Spanish war of succession
1700-1713
Which dynasty comes into power after the Spanish war of succession (1700-1713)?
Bourbons replace Hapsburgs in Spain
How did the Bourbons differ from the Hapsburgs?
Methods of ruling - Bourbon value efficiency over benevolence
Name the main Bourbon reforms (4 points)
- Efficient collection of taxes
- intendencias created (intermediary gov)
- audiencias exclusively for peninsulares
- 2 viceroyalties created
Name and date the 2 viceroyalties created under the Bourbon reforms
New Granada 1739
Rio de la Plata 1755
Better control of large areas
What were the cabildos and who dominated them?
local government - creole dominated –> little real power
Monarchy sold many seats to highest bidder - social prestige
Difference between Brazilian and South American local government
Brazilian local government much stronger under Pombaline reforms –> largely self-government till 1800s
Pombal rule
1750-1777
Main Pombaline reforms (5)
- Increased power of viceroys
- weakened power of camaras
* still included Brazilian born men - centralised tax collection
* creation of centralised treasury department - Viceroyalty moved from Salvador to Rio
- Economic liberalisation - trading with foreign countries
US independence
1776
What is a corporatist society?
a society that is broken up into guilds/groups with difference privileges and justice systems –> no nation
What was the name/date of the Bourbon trade liberalisation law and what was the effect?
Decree of Free Trade (1778)
Opening up of ports
Spanish America social hierarchy (4 groups)
Peninsulares –> Creoles –> Mestizo –> Indios
Difference in demography in Brazil and Spanish America
Brazil 50% black / SA 8% black - due to slave trade
Social effects of Bourbon and Pombaline reforms
Increased pre-existing social tensions (more in SA)
–> Creoles eco but no pol power
Economic effects of Bourbon and Pombaline reforms (2)
- Increased efficiency in collecting tax - discontent
2. increased prosperity for creoles with CAUTIOUS trade liberalisation
What was the effect of the Decree of Free Trade (1778) for Argentina?
Buenos Aires can trade directly with Spain and doesn’t have to go through Lima –> rapid economic growth
In Argentina which 2 centres had a rivalry?
Montevideo & Buenos Aires –> Viceroy appointed to BA - worsened rivalry
What did the May 10 revolution in Argentina symbolise?
the first successful South American independence revolution
What was the catalyst for the beginning of the independence movements? Brazil and SA
Napoleonic wars in Iberian peninsula (1803-15)
Joao VI flees portugal (1807)
Ferdinand VII deposed (1808)
How did the Bourbon reforms create resentment? (3)
- Cabildos previously in charge of own affairs
- Increased control of previously neglected areas
- Increased taxes that were collected more frequently (European wars end of 18th c)
Why was Peru the last stronghold of Spanish power even though it was a centre of enlightenment thought?
- Isolated
2. Fear of Indio revolt (60% of pop)
Tupac Amaru uprising
1780-82
What was the cause of the Tupac Amaru uprising (1780-82)?
TAX ISSUE
Bourbon reforms –> broke prev Hapsburg deal that excluded indios from having to pay certain taxes and tribute
Why was the colonial capital moved from Salvador to Rio in Brazil?
Discovery of mines in Rio
To where from where was the colonial capital moved in Brazil?
Salvador to Rio
Difference between Brazil and Argentina?
Brazil no rivalries between cities –> people didn’t think of themselves as Brazilian
Difference between Pombaline and Bourbon colonial administration (2)
- Pombaline more lax –> planters had both economic and political power
- More trade liberalisation than SA –> can trade with Europe
How was Brazil’s independence movement affected by international context?
Fear of Black revolution as in Haiti (1804) 50% black population
Similarities between Brazil and Peru independence
Independence came from OUTSIDE
Why was it difficult for Brazilian intellectuals to disseminate ideas during the independence movement?
There was no printing press until 1808
What was the economy based on in this period?
Mercantilist pact - protectionism ensures positive trade balance / export led growth
Why did the camaras in Brazil have more freedom?
No intermediary/supervisory organ such as the intendencia in SA
In which viceroyalties was the influence of the Enlightenment and its criticism of absolute monarchy felt most?
New Granada and Rio de la Plata (also Brazil)
What did the moderados want? Who was their intellectual inspiration?
more autonomy and reforms
Voltaire and Montesquieu (USA independence rev)
What did the exaltados want? Who was their intellectual inspiration?
Complete separation from the metropoly
Rousseau (French Rev)
Name/date the Brazilian anti colonial conspiracy led by moderados
Minas conspiracy (1789)
Name/date the Brazilian anti colonial conspiracy led by exaltados
Bahia conspiracy (1798)
What did Joao VI fleeing Brazil symbolise?
Brazil becomes the metropoly
Contradiction between Brazilian and Portuguese lessened - not a source of social conflict
What was the purpose of the revolutionary juntas in Spanish America?
Made up of creoles - recognised the rightful rule of Ferdinand VII and but wanted full autonomy for the colonies
Internal cause for independence in SA?
Division within white upper class - Peninsulares and creoles
Long term effect of the Bourbon and Pombaline reforms?
Too radical for the peninsulares and not enough for the Americans and alienated them
In the anti colonial movement which social group made up the moderados? (2)
Big landowners Export traders (for autonomy)
In the anti colonial movement which social group made up the exaltados? (3)
Urban middle class
Intellectuals
Craft industries
Beginning of French revolution
1789
How many indios and mestizos did Tupac Amaru lead in 1780-82?
60,000 between Cusco & La Paz
Why was the Tupac Amaru uprising (1780-82) defeated? and the consequences of defeat for the population?
Creoles sided with Spain / fear of social rev
Inca culture, religion, and language wiped out
Who was the leader of the Minas Conspiracy (1789)? What 2 groups were involved?
Jose Joaquim de Maia
Military men and middle class
What sparked the Minas Conspiracy (1789)?
Tax conflict in Villa Rica –> wanted to establish enlightened rule
What social group made up the conspirators of the Bahia conspiracy (1798)?
LOWER middle class leadership (influenced by French revolution)
Why was the Bahia conspiracy (1798) quickly crushed and by who?
Creoles sided with Portugal - went beyond elitist conflict and couldve been a social revolution
