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Latin American Comparative History > Exam revision dates block 1 > Flashcards

Exam revision dates block 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Peak of the Bourbon reforms

A

1759-1788

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2
Q

Hatian revolution

A

1791-1804

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3
Q

International context which country was on the rise?

A

Britain = centre of new economic order with industrial revolution

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4
Q

How did the Enlightenment decrease church influence?

A

Rational/scientific thinking –> church couldn’t legitimise the authority of the state

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5
Q

Spanish war of succession

A

1700-1713

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6
Q

Which dynasty comes into power after the Spanish war of succession (1700-1713)?

A

Bourbons replace Hapsburgs in Spain

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7
Q

How did the Bourbons differ from the Hapsburgs?

A

Methods of ruling - Bourbon value efficiency over benevolence

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8
Q

Name the main Bourbon reforms (4 points)

A
  1. Efficient collection of taxes
  2. intendencias created (intermediary gov)
  3. audiencias exclusively for peninsulares
  4. 2 viceroyalties created
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9
Q

Name and date the 2 viceroyalties created under the Bourbon reforms

A

New Granada 1739
Rio de la Plata 1755

Better control of large areas

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10
Q

What were the cabildos and who dominated them?

A

local government - creole dominated –> little real power

Monarchy sold many seats to highest bidder - social prestige

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11
Q

Difference between Brazilian and South American local government

A

Brazilian local government much stronger under Pombaline reforms –> largely self-government till 1800s

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12
Q

Pombal rule

A

1750-1777

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13
Q

Main Pombaline reforms (5)

A
  1. Increased power of viceroys
  2. weakened power of camaras
    * still included Brazilian born men
  3. centralised tax collection
    * creation of centralised treasury department
  4. Viceroyalty moved from Salvador to Rio
  5. Economic liberalisation - trading with foreign countries
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14
Q

US independence

A

1776

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15
Q

What is a corporatist society?

A

a society that is broken up into guilds/groups with difference privileges and justice systems –> no nation

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16
Q

What was the name/date of the Bourbon trade liberalisation law and what was the effect?

A

Decree of Free Trade (1778)

Opening up of ports

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17
Q

Spanish America social hierarchy (4 groups)

A

Peninsulares –> Creoles –> Mestizo –> Indios

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18
Q

Difference in demography in Brazil and Spanish America

A

Brazil 50% black / SA 8% black - due to slave trade

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19
Q

Social effects of Bourbon and Pombaline reforms

A

Increased pre-existing social tensions (more in SA)

–> Creoles eco but no pol power

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20
Q

Economic effects of Bourbon and Pombaline reforms (2)

A
  1. Increased efficiency in collecting tax - discontent

2. increased prosperity for creoles with CAUTIOUS trade liberalisation

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21
Q

What was the effect of the Decree of Free Trade (1778) for Argentina?

A

Buenos Aires can trade directly with Spain and doesn’t have to go through Lima –> rapid economic growth

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22
Q

In Argentina which 2 centres had a rivalry?

A

Montevideo & Buenos Aires –> Viceroy appointed to BA - worsened rivalry

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23
Q

What did the May 10 revolution in Argentina symbolise?

A

the first successful South American independence revolution

24
Q

What was the catalyst for the beginning of the independence movements? Brazil and SA

A

Napoleonic wars in Iberian peninsula (1803-15)
Joao VI flees portugal (1807)
Ferdinand VII deposed (1808)

25
Q

How did the Bourbon reforms create resentment? (3)

A
  1. Cabildos previously in charge of own affairs
  2. Increased control of previously neglected areas
  3. Increased taxes that were collected more frequently (European wars end of 18th c)
26
Q

Why was Peru the last stronghold of Spanish power even though it was a centre of enlightenment thought?

A
  1. Isolated

2. Fear of Indio revolt (60% of pop)

27
Q

Tupac Amaru uprising

A

1780-82

28
Q

What was the cause of the Tupac Amaru uprising (1780-82)?

A

TAX ISSUE

Bourbon reforms –> broke prev Hapsburg deal that excluded indios from having to pay certain taxes and tribute

29
Q

Why was the colonial capital moved from Salvador to Rio in Brazil?

A

Discovery of mines in Rio

30
Q

To where from where was the colonial capital moved in Brazil?

A

Salvador to Rio

31
Q

Difference between Brazil and Argentina?

A

Brazil no rivalries between cities –> people didn’t think of themselves as Brazilian

32
Q

Difference between Pombaline and Bourbon colonial administration (2)

A
  1. Pombaline more lax –> planters had both economic and political power
  2. More trade liberalisation than SA –> can trade with Europe
33
Q

How was Brazil’s independence movement affected by international context?

A

Fear of Black revolution as in Haiti (1804) 50% black population

34
Q

Similarities between Brazil and Peru independence

A

Independence came from OUTSIDE

35
Q

Why was it difficult for Brazilian intellectuals to disseminate ideas during the independence movement?

A

There was no printing press until 1808

36
Q

What was the economy based on in this period?

A

Mercantilist pact - protectionism ensures positive trade balance / export led growth

37
Q

Why did the camaras in Brazil have more freedom?

A

No intermediary/supervisory organ such as the intendencia in SA

38
Q

In which viceroyalties was the influence of the Enlightenment and its criticism of absolute monarchy felt most?

A

New Granada and Rio de la Plata (also Brazil)

39
Q

What did the moderados want? Who was their intellectual inspiration?

A

more autonomy and reforms

Voltaire and Montesquieu (USA independence rev)

40
Q

What did the exaltados want? Who was their intellectual inspiration?

A

Complete separation from the metropoly

Rousseau (French Rev)

41
Q

Name/date the Brazilian anti colonial conspiracy led by moderados

A

Minas conspiracy (1789)

42
Q

Name/date the Brazilian anti colonial conspiracy led by exaltados

A

Bahia conspiracy (1798)

43
Q

What did Joao VI fleeing Brazil symbolise?

A

Brazil becomes the metropoly

Contradiction between Brazilian and Portuguese lessened - not a source of social conflict

44
Q

What was the purpose of the revolutionary juntas in Spanish America?

A

Made up of creoles - recognised the rightful rule of Ferdinand VII and but wanted full autonomy for the colonies

45
Q

Internal cause for independence in SA?

A

Division within white upper class - Peninsulares and creoles

46
Q

Long term effect of the Bourbon and Pombaline reforms?

A

Too radical for the peninsulares and not enough for the Americans and alienated them

47
Q

In the anti colonial movement which social group made up the moderados? (2)

A 
Big landowners 
Export traders 
(for autonomy)
48
Q

In the anti colonial movement which social group made up the exaltados? (3)

A

Urban middle class
Intellectuals
Craft industries

49
Q

Beginning of French revolution

A

1789

50
Q

How many indios and mestizos did Tupac Amaru lead in 1780-82?

A

60,000 between Cusco & La Paz

51
Q

Why was the Tupac Amaru uprising (1780-82) defeated? and the consequences of defeat for the population?

A

Creoles sided with Spain / fear of social rev

Inca culture, religion, and language wiped out

52
Q

Who was the leader of the Minas Conspiracy (1789)? What 2 groups were involved?

A

Jose Joaquim de Maia

Military men and middle class

53
Q

What sparked the Minas Conspiracy (1789)?

A

Tax conflict in Villa Rica –> wanted to establish enlightened rule

54
Q

What social group made up the conspirators of the Bahia conspiracy (1798)?

A

LOWER middle class leadership (influenced by French revolution)

55
Q

Why was the Bahia conspiracy (1798) quickly crushed and by who?

A

Creoles sided with Portugal - went beyond elitist conflict and couldve been a social revolution

Latin American Comparative History (3 decks)

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