Exam Revision

Question 1

Kinematics

Answer 1

Describes the motion of a body without regard to the forces that produce the motion

Question 2

Kinetics

Answer 2

Describes the effects of forces on the body

Question 3

Open chain motion

Answer 3

Movement of a distal body segment about a relatively fixed proximal segment (e.g. leg extension)

Question 4

Closed chain motion

Answer 4

Movement of a proximal body segment about a relatively fixed distal segment (e.g. squats)

Question 5

Massage

Answer 5

• A form of soft tissue manipulation
• Used for relaxation, stimulation or rehabilitation
• It promotes suppleness of the muscles, improves circulation, and reduces stress

Question 6

Types of massage

Answer 6

• Effleurage - to apply lubricant and get patient used to therapist’s touch
• Petrissage - to knead and squeeze tissue and muscle to relieve tension
• Tapotement - to pat or tap
• Frictions - small accurately placed penetrating movements
• Myofascial release - gentle sustained pressure that elongates fascial adhesions
• Trigger point therapy - soft tissue treatment to relieve tension and extract knots

Question 7

Torque

Answer 7

• Rotational equivalent of force
• Internal torque
• External torque

Question 8

Torque calculation

Answer 8

Torque = muscle force x internal movement arm

Question 9

Types of muscle contraction

Answer 9

• Isotonic concentric contraction - muscle contracts, internal torque exceeds external torque
• Isotonic eccentric contraction - muscle elongates, external torque exceeds internal torque
• Isometric contraction - muscle length remains the same, internal toque matches external torque

Question 10

Biomechanical levers

Answer 10

• First-class lever - fulcrum located between internal and external force (e.g. atlanto-occipital joint)
• Second-class lever - axis of rotation located at one end of the bony lever, internal moment arm always longer than the external moment arm (e.g. metatarsophalangeal joint)
• Third-class lever - axis of rotation located at one end of the bony lever, internal moment arm always smaller than the external moment arm (e.g. elbow joint)

Question 11

Fibre types

Answer 11

• Type I collagen fibres - thick, rugged fibres that resist elongation
• Type II collagen fibres - thinner and less stiff than type I fibres
• Elastin fibres - elastic, resist tensile forces but have more ‘give’ when elongated

Question 12

Actions of muscle terminology

Answer 12

• Agonist
• Antagonist
• Synergist
• Co-contraction
• Stabiliser
• Force couple
• Excursion

Question 13

Agonist

Answer 13

Muscle or muscle group most directly related to performing a specific movement

Question 14

Antagonist

Answer 14

Muscle or muscle group that can oppose the action of the agonist

Question 15

Synergist

Answer 15

Muscles when they cooperate during the execution of a particular movement (usually involves multiple muscles)

Question 16

Co-contraction

Answer 16

Occurs when agonist and antagonist muscles are simultaneously activated in an isometric fashion

Question 17

Stabiliser

Answer 17

Muscle that ‘fixes’ or holds a body segment relatively stationary so that another muscle can more effectively perform

Question 18

Force couple

Answer 18

Synergistic action occurring when muscles perform force in different linear directions but produce torque in the same direction

Question 19

Excursion

Answer 19

The change in length of a muscle (typically muscles can only shorten or lengthen half their resting length)

Question 20

Skeletal muscle components

Answer 20

• Muscle belly - muscle body, lining is epimysium
• Fasciculus - bundle of muscle fibres, lining is perimysium
• Muscle fibre - individual cell with multiple nuclei, lining is endomysium
• Myofibril - contains contractile proteins

Question 21

Functional potential of a muscle

Answer 21

• Cross-sectional area - thickness and area
• Shape - fusiform, triangular, rhomboidal, pennate
• Line of pull - direction of muscle force

Question 22

Active length-tension relationship

Answer 22

When a muscle produces force actively. The force generated is highly dependent on sarcomere length. Therefore, this explains how the relative length of a whole muscle affects its force production. A muscle’s active force is generally greatest at its mid length and least at both extremes.

Question 23

Passive length-tension relationship

Answer 23

When a muscle produces force passively due to its elasticity. A muscle generates greater internal elastic force when stretched.
* Mono-articular muscle - cross one joint, reasonable elongation, reasonable range in force output
* Multi-articular muscle - cross multiple joints, great elongation, large range in force output

Question 24

Active insufficiency

Answer 24

Decreased ability of a multiarticular muscle to produce significant force to complete an action because it has become too actively shortened

Question 25

Passive insufficiency

Answer 25

Decreased ability of a multiarticular muscle to produce significant force to complete an action because the antagonist is passively ‘over-stretched’ across two or more joints

Question 26

Pain types

Answer 26

• Nociceptive pain
• Neuropathic pain (peripheral)
• Nociplastic pain

Question 27

Soft tissue repair phases

Answer 27

• Bleeding (a few days)
• Inflammation (2 to 6 days)
• Proliferation (4 to 24 days
• Remodeling (21 days to 2 years)