Exam Revision Flashcards
Kinematics
Describes the motion of a body without regard to the forces that produce the motion
Kinetics
Describes the effects of forces on the body
Open chain motion
Movement of a distal body segment about a relatively fixed proximal segment (e.g. leg extension)
Closed chain motion
Movement of a proximal body segment about a relatively fixed distal segment (e.g. squats)
Massage
- A form of soft tissue manipulation
- Used for relaxation, stimulation or rehabilitation
- It promotes suppleness of the muscles, improves circulation, and reduces stress
Types of massage
- Effleurage - to apply lubricant and get patient used to therapist’s touch
- Petrissage - to knead and squeeze tissue and muscle to relieve tension
- Tapotement - to pat or tap
- Frictions - small accurately placed penetrating movements
- Myofascial release - gentle sustained pressure that elongates fascial adhesions
- Trigger point therapy - soft tissue treatment to relieve tension and extract knots
Torque
- Rotational equivalent of force
- Internal torque
- External torque
Torque calculation
Torque = muscle force x internal movement arm
Types of muscle contraction
- Isotonic concentric contraction - muscle contracts, internal torque exceeds external torque
- Isotonic eccentric contraction - muscle elongates, external torque exceeds internal torque
- Isometric contraction - muscle length remains the same, internal toque matches external torque
Biomechanical levers
- First-class lever - fulcrum located between internal and external force (e.g. atlanto-occipital joint)
- Second-class lever - axis of rotation located at one end of the bony lever, internal moment arm always longer than the external moment arm (e.g. metatarsophalangeal joint)
- Third-class lever - axis of rotation located at one end of the bony lever, internal moment arm always smaller than the external moment arm (e.g. elbow joint)
Fibre types
- Type I collagen fibres - thick, rugged fibres that resist elongation
- Type II collagen fibres - thinner and less stiff than type I fibres
- Elastin fibres - elastic, resist tensile forces but have more ‘give’ when elongated
Actions of muscle terminology
- Agonist
- Antagonist
- Synergist
- Co-contraction
- Stabiliser
- Force couple
- Excursion
Agonist
Muscle or muscle group most directly related to performing a specific movement
Antagonist
Muscle or muscle group that can oppose the action of the agonist
Synergist
Muscles when they cooperate during the execution of a particular movement (usually involves multiple muscles)
Co-contraction
Occurs when agonist and antagonist muscles are simultaneously activated in an isometric fashion
Stabiliser
Muscle that ‘fixes’ or holds a body segment relatively stationary so that another muscle can more effectively perform
Force couple
Synergistic action occurring when muscles perform force in different linear directions but produce torque in the same direction
Excursion
The change in length of a muscle (typically muscles can only shorten or lengthen half their resting length)
Skeletal muscle components
- Muscle belly - muscle body, lining is epimysium
- Fasciculus - bundle of muscle fibres, lining is perimysium
- Muscle fibre - individual cell with multiple nuclei, lining is endomysium
- Myofibril - contains contractile proteins
Functional potential of a muscle
- Cross-sectional area - thickness and area
- Shape - fusiform, triangular, rhomboidal, pennate
- Line of pull - direction of muscle force
Active length-tension relationship
When a muscle produces force actively. The force generated is highly dependent on sarcomere length. Therefore, this explains how the relative length of a whole muscle affects its force production. A muscle’s active force is generally greatest at its mid length and least at both extremes.
Passive length-tension relationship
When a muscle produces force passively due to its elasticity. A muscle generates greater internal elastic force when stretched.
* Mono-articular muscle - cross one joint, reasonable elongation, reasonable range in force output
* Multi-articular muscle - cross multiple joints, great elongation, large range in force output
Active insufficiency
Decreased ability of a multiarticular muscle to produce significant force to complete an action because it has become too actively shortened
Passive insufficiency
Decreased ability of a multiarticular muscle to produce significant force to complete an action because the antagonist is passively ‘over-stretched’ across two or more joints
Pain types
- Nociceptive pain
- Neuropathic pain (peripheral)
- Nociplastic pain
Soft tissue repair phases
- Bleeding (a few days)
- Inflammation (2 to 6 days)
- Proliferation (4 to 24 days
- Remodeling (21 days to 2 years)
