Exam revision

Question 1

Name the four principles of force summation

Answer 1

Principle 1
Use as many body parts that relate to the movement as possible.

Principle 2
Body parts should move in a sequence with the bigger muscles (e.g lower body and trunk) leading the action. The smaller muscles closer to the object should be used last.

Principle 3
Muscle need to be used and accelerated with the correct timing.

Principle 4
All the muscles used must go through their greatest range of motion to achieve maximum momentum.

Question 2

Name the four factors of projectile motion

Answer 2

Gravity. Air Resistance. Speed of Release. Angle of Release.

Question 3

Name the force summation forces based on the prac.

Answer 3

Height of release, angle of release and speed of release

Question 4

Explain Reciprocal Inhibition and Joint action.

Answer 4

Reciprocal inhibition describes the relaxation of muscles on one side of a joint to accommodate contraction on the other side.

Question 5

What are the different muscle fibre types and characteristics?

Answer 5

The two types of skeletal muscle fibers are slow-twitch (type I) and fast-twitch (type II). Slow-twitch muscle fibers support long distance endurance activities like marathon running, while fast-twitch muscle fibers support quick, powerful movements such as sprinting or weightlifting.

Question 6

What is the purpose of cartilage?

Answer 6

Cartilage is a strong, flexible connective tissue that protects your joints and bones. It acts as a shock absorber throughout your body. Cartilage at the end of your bones reduces friction and prevents them from rubbing together when you use your joints.

Question 7

What is the purpose of tendons?

Answer 7

Tendons connect muscles to bones, allowing us to move

Question 8

What is the purpose of ligament’s?

Answer 8

Ligaments often connect two bones together, particularly in the joints: Like strong, firmly attached straps or ropes, they stabilise the joint or hold the ends of two bones together.

Question 9

What are the four type of bones called?

Answer 9

Long, short, flat and irregular.

Question 10

Long bone

Answer 10

Long bones are hard, dense bones that provide strength, structure, and mobility.

Question 11

Short bone

Answer 11

Short bones include the carpal bones of the hands that allow movement of the wrist, and the tarsal bones of the feet that allow movement of the ankle.

Question 12

Flat bone

Answer 12

Flat bones are a type of bone in your body. They’re typically thin, flattened, and slightly curved. Flat bones serve to either protect your internal organs or to provide a connection point for your muscles.

Question 13

Irregular bone

Answer 13

They often have a fairly complex shape, which helps protect internal organs. For example, the vertebrae, irregular bones of the vertebral column, protect the spinal cord. The irregular bones of the pelvis (pubis, ilium, and ischium) protect organs in the pelvic cavity.

Question 14

What is the most common joint in the body? What does it do? Characteristics.

Answer 14

Synovial joint’s. They provide the greatest range of movement. They are characterised by synovial cavity, synovial fluid and a joint capsule.

Question 15

What are some examples of synovial joints?

Answer 15

Hinge Joints: These joints allow movement in one plane, like a door hinge. The elbow and knee joints are examples of hinge joints.

Ball-and-Socket Joints: These joints permit movement in multiple directions, including rotation. The hip and shoulder joints are ball-and-socket joints.

Pivot Joints: These joints allow rotational movement around a central axis. An example is the joint between the first and second cervical vertebrae, which allows the head to rotate.

Question 16

What are the three types of drag.

Answer 16

Form drag, surface drag and wave drag.

Question 17

Explain what form drag is

Answer 17

Form drag is caused by the shape or form of an object as it moves through a fluid. It arises due to the pressure difference on the front and back surfaces of the object.

Question 18

Explain what wave drag is

Answer 18

Wave drag is associated with the formation of shock waves or compression waves when an object moves through a fluid at high speeds, typically near or above the speed of sound.

Question 19

Explain what surface drag is

Answer 19

It refers to the resistance experienced by an object moving through a fluid due to the friction between the fluid and the surface of the object.

Question 20

Explain swing.

Answer 20

Swing occurs when one side of a ball has a different pressure to the other. By creating turbulence with the rough side, a pressure differential is formed, resulting in the ball swinging towards the shiny side.

Question 21

Bernoulli’s principle

Answer 21

Bernoulli’s principle explains that as the velocity of a fluid or gas increases, it’s pressure decreases and vice-versa. When the slower flow of air is below something, the higher pressure causes a lift.

Question 22

Magnus Effect

Answer 22

The Magnus effect occurs when a spinning object is moving through air or water. When the velocity increases on one side of the ball, there is a lower pressure and vice-versa

Question 23

Formula for cardiac output

Answer 23

Cardiac output is the product of heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV) and is measured in liters per minute. Q = HR x SV

Question 24

Explain gaseous exchange

Answer 24

Gaseous exchange is the process of taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide. In humans, it primarily occurs in the lungs. Oxygen enters the bloodstream through the thin walls of the alveoli, tiny air sacs in the lungs. Carbon dioxide, produced as a waste product, diffuses out of the bloodstream into the alveoli and is then exhaled.

Question 25

Pulmonary Circulation

Answer 25

Pulmonary circulation refers to the movement of blood between the heart and the lungs. It is responsible for oxygenating the blood and removing carbon dioxide. The process can be summarised as follows:

Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium of the heart from the body through the superior and inferior vena cava.
The right atrium contracts, pushing the blood into the right ventricle.
The right ventricle pumps the deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary artery.
The pulmonary artery splits into two branches, carrying the blood to the lungs.
In the lungs, the blood exchanges carbon dioxide for oxygen through the process of gas exchange across the thin walls of the alveoli.
Oxygenated blood returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins, entering the left atrium.

Question 26

Systematic circulation

Answer 26

Systemic circulation refers to the movement of oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body and the return of deoxygenated blood back to the heart. It supplies oxygen and nutrients to the body’s tissues while removing waste products. The process can be summarized as follows:

Oxygenated blood from the left atrium enters the left ventricle.
The left ventricle contracts, pumping the oxygenated blood into the aorta, the largest artery in the body.
The aorta branches out into smaller arteries, distributing the oxygenated blood to various organs, tissues, and cells throughout the body.
Within the tissues, oxygen and nutrients are exchanged for carbon dioxide and waste products.
Deoxygenated blood, carrying waste products, returns to the heart through veins, ultimately entering the right atrium to start the pulmonary circulation.

Question 27

Blood pressure

Answer 27

During each heartbeat, the heart goes through two main phases: systole and diastole. Systole is the contraction phase of the heart, where it forcefully pumps blood into the arteries. This results in a higher pressure known as systolic pressure. Diastole, on the other hand, is the relaxation phase of the heart, where it refills with blood and allows for the chambers to rest. This leads to a lower pressure known as diastolic pressure.

Question 28

a-VO2 difference

Answer 28

The a-VO2 difference is the difference in oxygen content between arterial and venous blood. It represents how much oxygen is taken up by tissues from the blood.

Question 29

What are some acute responses

Answer 29

 Increased blood flow
 Stroke Volume
 Cardiac Output
 A-VO2 Diff
 BP
 Venous Return
 Increase in Heart Rate (HR)
 Before – During – After

Question 30

Respiratory function

Answer 30

The respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of gases, primarily oxygen and carbon dioxide, between the body and the environment.

Question 31

Cardiovascular function

Answer 31

The cardiovascular system, consisting of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, plays a crucial role in circulating oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances throughout the body.