Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Exam Revision > Flashcards

Exam Revision Flashcards

1
Q

Mendel’s experiment.

A

He bred pea plants and recorded the inheritance patterns of their offsprings.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Dominant.

A

Dominant rules over the other (recessive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Recessive.

A

Traits that are covered up.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How many chromosomes do sex cells have

A

Egg + Sperm cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Homozygous

A

Two of the same alleles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Heterozygous

A

Two different alleles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Alleles

A

A variant of a gene.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Sex chromosomes Male/female

A

XY + XX

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Structure of DNA.

A
  • Cell Membrane.
  • Protein (Histone)
  • Nucleus.
  • Chromosomes.
  • Complementary base.
    -Gene.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How are the Nucleus, chromosome, DNA and gene connected?

A

Chromosomes are structures within cells that contain a person’s genes. Which are in the cell nucleus. A chromosome contains hundreds to thousands of genes. The Nucleus contains DNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Complementary bases.

A

Adenine + Thymine.
Guanine + Cytosine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Stages of Mitosis.

A
  • Prophase.
  • Metaphase.
  • Anaphase.
  • Telophase.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Prophase

A

DNA shortens + thickens.
Nuclear membrane breaks down.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up on the equator.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromosomes separate to the poles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes are at the poles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Stages of meiosis

A
  • Prophase 1
  • Metaphase 1
  • Anaphase 1
  • Telophase 1
  • Cytokinesis.
  • Prophase 2
  • Metaphase 2
  • Anaphase 2
  • Telophase 2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Prophase 1

A

Nuclear membrane breaks down, chromosomes shorten + thicken.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Metaphase 1

A

Chromosomes line up in pairs on the equator.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Anaphase 1

A

Chromosomes begin to move to poles (they separate).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Telophase 1

A

Chromosomes are at poles and chromosomes have halved.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cells splits in 2.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Prophase 2

A

The number of chromosomes half.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Metaphase 2

A

Chromosomes line up on the equator.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Anaphase 2

A

Chromosomes separate in single-stranded chromosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Telophase 2

A

The nuclear membrane starts to reform, chromosomes at the poles.
Then the cell divides.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is Cytokinesis

A

Cell dividing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

Matching chromosomes (same genes).

29
Q

characteristics of plant cells

A
  • Cell wall + cell membrane.
  • Large vacuole.
  • Has chloroplasts.
30
Q

characteristics of animal cells

A
  • No cell wall.
  • No/small vacuole.
  • No chloroplasts.
31
Q

characteristics of prokaryotic cells/bacteria

A
  • No nucleus.
  • No nuclear bond.
  • Organelles absent.
  • Smaller than eukaryotic.
    Eg. Bacteria.
32
Q

Characteristics of eukaryotic cells

A
  • Larger than prokaryotic cells.
  • Nucleus.
  • Membrane bound organelles.
    Eg. human, plant and animal cells.
33
Q

Plant cells consist of:

A
  • Cell wall.
  • Cell membrane.
  • Vacuole.
  • Nucleus.
  • Nucleolus.
  • Nuclear membrane.
  • Chloroplast.
  • Mitochondria.
  • Golgi Body.
  • Ribosome.
  • Smooth ER + Rough ER.
  • Centrosome.
  • Lysosome.
  • Cytoplasm.
34
Q

Animal cells consist of:

A
  • Cell membrane.
  • Lysosome/Vacuole.
  • Nucleus.
  • Nucleolus.
  • Nuclear membrane.
  • Golgi Body.
  • Ribosome.
  • Smooth ER + Rough ER.
  • Cytoplasm.
  • Centrosome.
  • Mitochondria
35
Q

What are the Organelles

A
  • Cell membrane
  • Cell wall
  • Vacuole
  • Nucleus
  • Nucleolus.
  • Chloroplast.
  • Mitochondria.
  • Golgi Body.
  • Ribosome.
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum. (SER, RER)
  • Lysosome.
    -Cytoplasm.
36
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Keeps cells contents in and controls what enters and leaves the cell.

37
Q

Cell wall

A

Found only in plant cells, protects and strengthens the cell.

38
Q

Vacuole.

A

Larger in plant cells, contains fluids; water, food and waste.

39
Q

Nucleus

A

Control centre of the cell, contains DNA.

40
Q

Nucleolus

A

RNA (a nucleic acid), forms ribosomes.

41
Q

Chloroplast.

A

Using photosynthesis to make sugar.

42
Q

Mitochondria.

A

Cellular respiration; uses sugar to make energy.

43
Q

Golgi Body.

A

Packages material in cell.

44
Q

Ribosome

A

protein synthesis in cell.

45
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Smooth ER + Rough ER; membranes that move substances around in the cell.

46
Q

Lysosomes

A

Contains digestive enzymes.

47
Q

Cytoplasm.

A

Everything in the cell but the nucleus; fluid.

48
Q

Cellular respiration chemical equation.

A

Glucose + Oxygen –> Carbon Dioxide + Water + 32ATP.

49
Q

Anaerobic respiration in humans.

A

Glucose –> Lactic Acid + 2ATP.

50
Q

Anaerobic respiration in yeast.

A

Glucose –> ethanol + carbon dioxide + 2ATP.

51
Q

genotype

A

The types of alleles that are present.

52
Q

phenotype

A

What the gene looks like.

53
Q

autosome

A

Carry the genetic code. All the chromosomes except for the sex chromosomes.

54
Q

sex-determining chromosome

A

XX or XY.

55
Q

DNA

A

Blueprint for all living things; deoxyribonucleic acid

56
Q

Karyotype-male
-female

A

XY
XX

57
Q

Sex linked inheritance
-colourblindness
-haemophilia

A

X^HX^H + X^HX^h = Dominant (has haemophilia)
X^hX^h = Recessive (normal).

58
Q

Drawing what you see under the microscope rules.

A
  • Use Pencil.
  • Add the magnification.
  • Title
  • Label.
59
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

No gene is dominant over the other, no capital letters are used.

60
Q

Codominance

A

No gene is dominant over the other, and both genes are expressed.

61
Q

Enzyme properties.

A
  • Made from proteins.
  • Act on reversible reaction.
  • Actions of enzymes are specific.
    Works best at a certain range of pH and temperature.
62
Q

Enzymes function.

A

Speed up reactions in living things.

63
Q

How do enzymes, substrates and the active site work together?

A

A substrate enters the active site of the enzyme. Lock and key hypothesis.

64
Q

Photosynthesis-equation

A

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

65
Q

Light-dependent
inputs and outputs-location

A

Inputs: Water.
Outputs: Oxygen.
Location: Thylakoid.

66
Q

Light independent
-inputs and outputs-location

A

Inputs: Carbon Dioxide.
Outputs: Glucose.
Location: Stroma

67
Q

Stages of photosynthesis

A

Light Independent and Light-dependent.

68
Q

Variable
-dependent
-independent
-controlled

A

The dependent variable is what is being measured.
The Independent variable is what is being changed.
The controlled variable is the variable that stays the same (controlled).

Biology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions