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Exam Revision Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mendel’s experiment.

A

He bred pea plants and recorded the inheritance patterns of their offsprings.

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2
Q

Dominant.

A

Dominant rules over the other (recessive)

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3
Q

Recessive.

A

Traits that are covered up.

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4
Q

How many chromosomes do sex cells have

A

Egg + Sperm cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes.

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5
Q

Homozygous

A

Two of the same alleles.

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6
Q

Heterozygous

A

Two different alleles.

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7
Q

Alleles

A

A variant of a gene.

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8
Q

Sex chromosomes Male/female

A

XY + XX

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9
Q

Structure of DNA.

A
  • Cell Membrane.
  • Protein (Histone)
  • Nucleus.
  • Chromosomes.
  • Complementary base.
    -Gene.
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10
Q

How are the Nucleus, chromosome, DNA and gene connected?

A

Chromosomes are structures within cells that contain a person’s genes. Which are in the cell nucleus. A chromosome contains hundreds to thousands of genes. The Nucleus contains DNA.

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11
Q

Complementary bases.

A

Adenine + Thymine.
Guanine + Cytosine.

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12
Q

Stages of Mitosis.

A
  • Prophase.
  • Metaphase.
  • Anaphase.
  • Telophase.
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13
Q

Prophase

A

DNA shortens + thickens.
Nuclear membrane breaks down.

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14
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up on the equator.

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15
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromosomes separate to the poles.

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16
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes are at the poles

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17
Q

Stages of meiosis

A
  • Prophase 1
  • Metaphase 1
  • Anaphase 1
  • Telophase 1
  • Cytokinesis.
  • Prophase 2
  • Metaphase 2
  • Anaphase 2
  • Telophase 2
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18
Q

Prophase 1

A

Nuclear membrane breaks down, chromosomes shorten + thicken.

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19
Q

Metaphase 1

A

Chromosomes line up in pairs on the equator.

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20
Q

Anaphase 1

A

Chromosomes begin to move to poles (they separate).

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21
Q

Telophase 1

A

Chromosomes are at poles and chromosomes have halved.

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22
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cells splits in 2.

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23
Q

Prophase 2

A

The number of chromosomes half.

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24
Q

Metaphase 2

A

Chromosomes line up on the equator.

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25
Q

Anaphase 2

A

Chromosomes separate in single-stranded chromosomes.

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26
Q

Telophase 2

A

The nuclear membrane starts to reform, chromosomes at the poles.
Then the cell divides.

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27
Q

What is Cytokinesis

A

Cell dividing.

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28
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

Matching chromosomes (same genes).

29
Q

characteristics of plant cells

A
  • Cell wall + cell membrane.
  • Large vacuole.
  • Has chloroplasts.
30
Q

characteristics of animal cells

A
  • No cell wall.
  • No/small vacuole.
  • No chloroplasts.
31
Q

characteristics of prokaryotic cells/bacteria

A
  • No nucleus.
  • No nuclear bond.
  • Organelles absent.
  • Smaller than eukaryotic.
    Eg. Bacteria.
32
Q

Characteristics of eukaryotic cells

A
  • Larger than prokaryotic cells.
  • Nucleus.
  • Membrane bound organelles.
    Eg. human, plant and animal cells.
33
Q

Plant cells consist of:

A
  • Cell wall.
  • Cell membrane.
  • Vacuole.
  • Nucleus.
  • Nucleolus.
  • Nuclear membrane.
  • Chloroplast.
  • Mitochondria.
  • Golgi Body.
  • Ribosome.
  • Smooth ER + Rough ER.
  • Centrosome.
  • Lysosome.
  • Cytoplasm.
34
Q

Animal cells consist of:

A
  • Cell membrane.
  • Lysosome/Vacuole.
  • Nucleus.
  • Nucleolus.
  • Nuclear membrane.
  • Golgi Body.
  • Ribosome.
  • Smooth ER + Rough ER.
  • Cytoplasm.
  • Centrosome.
  • Mitochondria
35
Q

What are the Organelles

A
  • Cell membrane
  • Cell wall
  • Vacuole
  • Nucleus
  • Nucleolus.
  • Chloroplast.
  • Mitochondria.
  • Golgi Body.
  • Ribosome.
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum. (SER, RER)
  • Lysosome.
    -Cytoplasm.
36
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Keeps cells contents in and controls what enters and leaves the cell.

37
Q

Cell wall

A

Found only in plant cells, protects and strengthens the cell.

38
Q

Vacuole.

A

Larger in plant cells, contains fluids; water, food and waste.

39
Q

Nucleus

A

Control centre of the cell, contains DNA.

40
Q

Nucleolus

A

RNA (a nucleic acid), forms ribosomes.

41
Q

Chloroplast.

A

Using photosynthesis to make sugar.

42
Q

Mitochondria.

A

Cellular respiration; uses sugar to make energy.

43
Q

Golgi Body.

A

Packages material in cell.

44
Q

Ribosome

A

protein synthesis in cell.

45
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Smooth ER + Rough ER; membranes that move substances around in the cell.

46
Q

Lysosomes

A

Contains digestive enzymes.

47
Q

Cytoplasm.

A

Everything in the cell but the nucleus; fluid.

48
Q

Cellular respiration chemical equation.

A

Glucose + Oxygen –> Carbon Dioxide + Water + 32ATP.

49
Q

Anaerobic respiration in humans.

A

Glucose –> Lactic Acid + 2ATP.

50
Q

Anaerobic respiration in yeast.

A

Glucose –> ethanol + carbon dioxide + 2ATP.

51
Q

genotype

A

The types of alleles that are present.

52
Q

phenotype

A

What the gene looks like.

53
Q

autosome

A

Carry the genetic code. All the chromosomes except for the sex chromosomes.

54
Q

sex-determining chromosome

A

XX or XY.

55
Q

DNA

A

Blueprint for all living things; deoxyribonucleic acid

56
Q

Karyotype-male
-female

A

XY
XX

57
Q

Sex linked inheritance
-colourblindness
-haemophilia

A

X^HX^H + X^HX^h = Dominant (has haemophilia)
X^hX^h = Recessive (normal).

58
Q

Drawing what you see under the microscope rules.

A
  • Use Pencil.
  • Add the magnification.
  • Title
  • Label.
59
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

No gene is dominant over the other, no capital letters are used.

60
Q

Codominance

A

No gene is dominant over the other, and both genes are expressed.

61
Q

Enzyme properties.

A
  • Made from proteins.
  • Act on reversible reaction.
  • Actions of enzymes are specific.
    Works best at a certain range of pH and temperature.
62
Q

Enzymes function.

A

Speed up reactions in living things.

63
Q

How do enzymes, substrates and the active site work together?

A

A substrate enters the active site of the enzyme. Lock and key hypothesis.

64
Q

Photosynthesis-equation

A

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

65
Q

Light-dependent
inputs and outputs-location

A

Inputs: Water.
Outputs: Oxygen.
Location: Thylakoid.

66
Q

Light independent
-inputs and outputs-location

A

Inputs: Carbon Dioxide.
Outputs: Glucose.
Location: Stroma

67
Q

Stages of photosynthesis

A

Light Independent and Light-dependent.

68
Q

Variable
-dependent
-independent
-controlled

A

The dependent variable is what is being measured.
The Independent variable is what is being changed.
The controlled variable is the variable that stays the same (controlled).

Biology (9 decks)

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