Exam Revision Flashcards
Mendel’s experiment.
He bred pea plants and recorded the inheritance patterns of their offsprings.
Dominant.
Dominant rules over the other (recessive)
Recessive.
Traits that are covered up.
How many chromosomes do sex cells have
Egg + Sperm cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes.
Homozygous
Two of the same alleles.
Heterozygous
Two different alleles.
Alleles
A variant of a gene.
Sex chromosomes Male/female
XY + XX
Structure of DNA.
- Cell Membrane.
- Protein (Histone)
- Nucleus.
- Chromosomes.
- Complementary base.
-Gene.
How are the Nucleus, chromosome, DNA and gene connected?
Chromosomes are structures within cells that contain a person’s genes. Which are in the cell nucleus. A chromosome contains hundreds to thousands of genes. The Nucleus contains DNA.
Complementary bases.
Adenine + Thymine.
Guanine + Cytosine.
Stages of Mitosis.
- Prophase.
- Metaphase.
- Anaphase.
- Telophase.
Prophase
DNA shortens + thickens.
Nuclear membrane breaks down.
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up on the equator.
Anaphase
Chromosomes separate to the poles.
Telophase
Chromosomes are at the poles
Stages of meiosis
- Prophase 1
- Metaphase 1
- Anaphase 1
- Telophase 1
- Cytokinesis.
- Prophase 2
- Metaphase 2
- Anaphase 2
- Telophase 2
Prophase 1
Nuclear membrane breaks down, chromosomes shorten + thicken.
Metaphase 1
Chromosomes line up in pairs on the equator.
Anaphase 1
Chromosomes begin to move to poles (they separate).
Telophase 1
Chromosomes are at poles and chromosomes have halved.
Cytokinesis
Cells splits in 2.
Prophase 2
The number of chromosomes half.
Metaphase 2
Chromosomes line up on the equator.
Anaphase 2
Chromosomes separate in single-stranded chromosomes.
Telophase 2
The nuclear membrane starts to reform, chromosomes at the poles.
Then the cell divides.
What is Cytokinesis
Cell dividing.
homologous chromosomes
Matching chromosomes (same genes).
characteristics of plant cells
- Cell wall + cell membrane.
- Large vacuole.
- Has chloroplasts.
characteristics of animal cells
- No cell wall.
- No/small vacuole.
- No chloroplasts.
characteristics of prokaryotic cells/bacteria
- No nucleus.
- No nuclear bond.
- Organelles absent.
- Smaller than eukaryotic.
Eg. Bacteria.
Characteristics of eukaryotic cells
- Larger than prokaryotic cells.
- Nucleus.
- Membrane bound organelles.
Eg. human, plant and animal cells.
Plant cells consist of:
- Cell wall.
- Cell membrane.
- Vacuole.
- Nucleus.
- Nucleolus.
- Nuclear membrane.
- Chloroplast.
- Mitochondria.
- Golgi Body.
- Ribosome.
- Smooth ER + Rough ER.
- Centrosome.
- Lysosome.
- Cytoplasm.
Animal cells consist of:
- Cell membrane.
- Lysosome/Vacuole.
- Nucleus.
- Nucleolus.
- Nuclear membrane.
- Golgi Body.
- Ribosome.
- Smooth ER + Rough ER.
- Cytoplasm.
- Centrosome.
- Mitochondria
What are the Organelles
- Cell membrane
- Cell wall
- Vacuole
- Nucleus
- Nucleolus.
- Chloroplast.
- Mitochondria.
- Golgi Body.
- Ribosome.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum. (SER, RER)
- Lysosome.
-Cytoplasm.
Cell Membrane
Keeps cells contents in and controls what enters and leaves the cell.
Cell wall
Found only in plant cells, protects and strengthens the cell.
Vacuole.
Larger in plant cells, contains fluids; water, food and waste.
Nucleus
Control centre of the cell, contains DNA.
Nucleolus
RNA (a nucleic acid), forms ribosomes.
Chloroplast.
Using photosynthesis to make sugar.
Mitochondria.
Cellular respiration; uses sugar to make energy.
Golgi Body.
Packages material in cell.
Ribosome
protein synthesis in cell.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth ER + Rough ER; membranes that move substances around in the cell.
Lysosomes
Contains digestive enzymes.
Cytoplasm.
Everything in the cell but the nucleus; fluid.
Cellular respiration chemical equation.
Glucose + Oxygen –> Carbon Dioxide + Water + 32ATP.
Anaerobic respiration in humans.
Glucose –> Lactic Acid + 2ATP.
Anaerobic respiration in yeast.
Glucose –> ethanol + carbon dioxide + 2ATP.
genotype
The types of alleles that are present.
phenotype
What the gene looks like.
autosome
Carry the genetic code. All the chromosomes except for the sex chromosomes.
sex-determining chromosome
XX or XY.
DNA
Blueprint for all living things; deoxyribonucleic acid
Karyotype-male
-female
XY
XX
Sex linked inheritance
-colourblindness
-haemophilia
X^HX^H + X^HX^h = Dominant (has haemophilia)
X^hX^h = Recessive (normal).
Drawing what you see under the microscope rules.
- Use Pencil.
- Add the magnification.
- Title
- Label.
Incomplete dominance
No gene is dominant over the other, no capital letters are used.
Codominance
No gene is dominant over the other, and both genes are expressed.
Enzyme properties.
- Made from proteins.
- Act on reversible reaction.
- Actions of enzymes are specific.
Works best at a certain range of pH and temperature.
Enzymes function.
Speed up reactions in living things.
How do enzymes, substrates and the active site work together?
A substrate enters the active site of the enzyme. Lock and key hypothesis.
Photosynthesis-equation
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Light-dependent
inputs and outputs-location
Inputs: Water.
Outputs: Oxygen.
Location: Thylakoid.
Light independent
-inputs and outputs-location
Inputs: Carbon Dioxide.
Outputs: Glucose.
Location: Stroma
Stages of photosynthesis
Light Independent and Light-dependent.
Variable
-dependent
-independent
-controlled
The dependent variable is what is being measured.
The Independent variable is what is being changed.
The controlled variable is the variable that stays the same (controlled).
