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PHILO > EXAM REVIEWER PT 2 > Flashcards

EXAM REVIEWER PT 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Did not have an explicit discussion about his view on the human person. He put an emphasis on the Arete of the Psyche.

A

Socrates

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2
Q

Arete

A

Excellence

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3
Q

Psyche

A

Soul

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4
Q

The relationship of the ____
and ___ is very symmetrical because it says that when you are well trained or well educated, you are cultivating ur soul or your inner life.

A

Psyche and Arete

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5
Q

The importance of knowing one’s self for Socrates is because it pushes us to…

A

Examine our own lives

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6
Q

● Knowledge of the good
● Cultivation of the soul
● Says “the human person is a soul”
● his teacher was Socrates
● emphasized the importance of knowledge.

A

Plato

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7
Q

Without knowledge one cannot live a moral life but what kind of knowledge should one have?

A

For Plato, this is the knowledge of the good

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8
Q

Knowing the good is not enough, we must also practice it in order to live well.

A

For Plato, good is the truth

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9
Q

○ Imperfect
○ Changing
○ Known through senses
○ The physical world

A

World of matter

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10
Q

Plato’s Philosophy

A

World of matter and world of forms

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11
Q

○ Perfect
○ Unchanging
○ beyond the human senses
○ Exists independently.
○ eternal ideas like justice,
beauty, soul, etc.

A

World of forms

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12
Q

The soul is a nonmaterial entity existing in the world of…

A

Forms

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13
Q

3 parts of the human soul according to plato

A

Rational, Spiritual, Appetitive

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13
Q

This is the one that guides our thinking toward the truth

A

Rational

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14
Q

Heart of the soul

A

Spiritual

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15
Q

Contains the leisures of one person like our fulfillments and desires

A

Appetitive

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16
Q

● true knowledge can be known through experience
● dualism of the body and the soul does not exist.
● the human person is the composite of substance and form that always exist together, he called this hylomorphism.
● The soul and body are one.
● true knowledge is known through
experience or empirical evidence.

A

Aristotle

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17
Q

____ is what underlies and persists through change. ‘di nagbabago throughout your entire time in the world.

A

Substance

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18
Q

everything in the world is composed of two fundamental concepts

A

Hyle and morphe

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19
Q

Matter - underlying substance of an object

A

Hyle

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20
Q

Form - Specific structure that gives an objects properties

A

Morphe

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21
Q

Own individuality, we are unique. This individuality makes us human.

A

Individual substance

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22
Q

The ___ is the principle that makes anything move.

A

soul

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22
Q

“Man by nature is a rational animal.” We are animals but what sets us apart from animals is our capacity to reason with intellect or to think and reflect.

A

Rational nature

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23
Q

Animals and humans both have souls but only humans have souls with

A

rational quantities

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24
Q

This is happiness

A

Eudaimonia

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25
Q

To achieve Eudaimonia, one must live in accordance with

A

virtue and reason

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26
Q

Thinkers during this time tried to reconcile reason and faith/theology

A

Medieval

27
Q

● “The human person is a soul that temporarily inhibits the body”
● the body is mortal, but the soul lives forever
● The body is a temporary vessel during our life. After life, souls go back to God after death.

A

St. Augustine of Hippo

28
Q

According to him, the soul’s destiny is with God

A

St. Augustine of Hippo

29
Q

Humans are created in the image and likeness of god.

A

Imago Dei

30
Q

special connection with god.

A

Divine origin

31
Q

seeking union with god.

A

Teleological

32
Q

According to Thomas Aquinas, the soul is…

A

Rational and immortal

33
Q

● heavily influenced by Aristotle
● He viewed the human as an
individual substance of a rational nature and a composite of body and soul.
● The soul provides the body its identity. The soul animates the body. it is the reason as to why we can move.
● the soul is a substantial form of the body

A

St. Thomas Aquinas

34
Q

(Of the soul) thinking and acting through reason and not emotion

A

Rational

35
Q

(Of the soul) source and nature of the soul is from God.

A

Immortal

36
Q

● He was searching for a kind of truth that is indubitable
● There is one thing that cannot be doubted, which is the thinking self.
● The thinking self is a version of you who is able to think and doubt.

A

Rene Descartes

37
Q

According to Descartes, there is one thing that cannot be doubted, which is the

A

Thinking self

38
Q

A specific kind of method to reach doubt.
○ You doubt everything that can be doubted to achieve certainty. This is the way to philosophical enlightenment.

A

Methodic doubt

39
Q

I think therefore I am

A

Cogito, ergo sum

40
Q

What defines the human person?

A

Thinking self

41
Q

The human person according to Descartes is

A

Res cogitans (the thinking self) and res extensa (The extended self)

42
Q

○ The things that have first contact with the physical world.
○ In this sense, descartes believes it is the body that is also known as our point of contact

A

Res extensa

43
Q

○ Us humans our thinking selves distinct from the physical world
○ This is the human person

A

Res cogitans

43
Q

Came up with rational autonomy

A

Immanuel Kant

44
Q

_____ allows us to use our reason in making moral judgements and act according to principle.

A

Rationality

45
Q

________: To make moral choices freely and independently.

A

Autonomy

46
Q

Being aware of moral responsibilities
○ We are being directed to living an ethical life

A

Rational autonomy

47
Q

● Imperative moral duties
○ Rooted to rationality. They are not imposed externally, moral principles are discovered through our own reflection.

A

Moral law and duty

48
Q

Universality of moral duties.
○ Kant says that moral
principles should be
universal.
○ It applies to every human
being

A

Universal law and principles

49
Q

3 moral agents according to Kant

A

Rational autonomy, Moral laws and duty, Universal law and principles

50
Q

Making moral decisions based on reasons and rational principles instead of personal interests and external forces.

A

Categorical imperative

51
Q

Categorical imperative is divided into 3 principles

A

Principle of Universal Law, Principle of Humanity, Principle of Autonomy

52
Q

“Act only according to the maxim by which you can at the same time will, that it would become a universal law”

A

Principle of universal law

53
Q

“Act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another, always as an end and never as a means only”

A

Principle of humanity

54
Q

“Every rational being is able to regard oneself as a maker of universal law, that is, we do not need an external authority to determine the nature of moral law, since we can discover this for ourselves.”

A

Principle of autonomy

55
Q

● Not as famous but was a prominent thinker in existentialism.
● His understanding of the human person is multifaceted.
● Commonly, his ideas are established within the existence of the stage of life.
● This concept is central to this understanding of the human condition

A

Soren Kiekegaard

56
Q

3 stages of existence/life according to Kiekegaard

A

Aesthetic, ethical, religious

57
Q

living for sensory
pleasure, lacking in deep
purpose
○ Quick gratification
○ Driven by desires
○ Temporary pleasures
○ Lack of commitment
○ Cycle of boredom
because we are not content because these pleasures are temporary

A

Aesthetic stage

58
Q

Recognizing the importance of moral values. Taking responsibility for actions.
○ Higher level of existence
○ Recognize importance of
duties
○ Living a life guided by
moral ethics

A

Ethical stage

59
Q

● profound and
personal relationship with the divine
○ Highest level of existence
○ A deep commitment to
faith and values
○ Not about religious traditions but a relationship with god.
○ For atheists, if we were to follow Soren’s thinking, this stage is impossible.

A

Religious stage

60
Q

Kierkegaard believes that the goal of human existence is to achieve a ________ by moving past the aesthetic and ethical stages in order to reach the religious stage.

A

True authentic selfhood

61
Q

Nietzsche’s concepts

A

Will to power, eternal recurrence, ubermensch, amor fati, child as a philosophical trope

62
Q

Driving force of human beings.
○ We have our inherent
desire for our own goals
○ Not merely about the
domination of the self, this is more about the continuous striving to overcome challenges and obstacles in our life.

A

Will to power

63
Q

Vision of human potential in surpassing difficulties.
○ Idealized version of a human
○ Creates their own values
○ Embraces their will to
power
○ A vision beyond
conventional norms.
○ Someone who lives their
own lives and realizes their
own potentiality

A

Ubermensch

63
Q

Our actions and choices would be infinitely repeated.
○ live our life as if we’ll live
repeatedly.
○ For him, life is never ending. It is a series of various events, like joy, defeat, and sadness.
○ Live in a way of affirming life instead of despising it.

A

Eternal recurrence

64
Q

○ We are encouraged to embrace and affirm our life experiences.
○ Both good and bad experiences are essential to our existence.
○ To appreciate the good and bad.

A

Amor fati - love fate

65
Q
A

PHILO (3 decks)

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