EXAM REVIEWER PT 2 Flashcards by Annika Te

Did not have an explicit discussion about his view on the human person. He put an emphasis on the Arete of the Psyche.

Socrates

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Arete

Excellence

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Psyche

Soul

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The relationship of the ____
and ___ is very symmetrical because it says that when you are well trained or well educated, you are cultivating ur soul or your inner life.

Psyche and Arete

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The importance of knowing one’s self for Socrates is because it pushes us to…

Examine our own lives

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● Knowledge of the good
● Cultivation of the soul
● Says “the human person is a soul”
● his teacher was Socrates
● emphasized the importance of knowledge.

Plato

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Without knowledge one cannot live a moral life but what kind of knowledge should one have?

For Plato, this is the knowledge of the good

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Knowing the good is not enough, we must also practice it in order to live well.

For Plato, good is the truth

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○ Imperfect
○ Changing
○ Known through senses
○ The physical world

World of matter

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Plato’s Philosophy

World of matter and world of forms

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○ Perfect
○ Unchanging
○ beyond the human senses
○ Exists independently.
○ eternal ideas like justice,
beauty, soul, etc.

World of forms

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The soul is a nonmaterial entity existing in the world of…

Forms

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3 parts of the human soul according to plato

Rational, Spiritual, Appetitive

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This is the one that guides our thinking toward the truth

Rational

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Heart of the soul

Spiritual

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Contains the leisures of one person like our fulfillments and desires

Appetitive

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● true knowledge can be known through experience
● dualism of the body and the soul does not exist.
● the human person is the composite of substance and form that always exist together, he called this hylomorphism.
● The soul and body are one.
● true knowledge is known through
experience or empirical evidence.

Aristotle

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____ is what underlies and persists through change. ‘di nagbabago throughout your entire time in the world.

Substance

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everything in the world is composed of two fundamental concepts

Hyle and morphe

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Matter - underlying substance of an object

Hyle

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Form - Specific structure that gives an objects properties

Morphe

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Own individuality, we are unique. This individuality makes us human.

Individual substance

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The ___ is the principle that makes anything move.

soul

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“Man by nature is a rational animal.” We are animals but what sets us apart from animals is our capacity to reason with intellect or to think and reflect.

Rational nature

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Animals and humans both have souls but only humans have souls with

rational quantities

This is happiness

Eudaimonia

To achieve Eudaimonia, one must live in accordance with

virtue and reason

Thinkers during this time tried to reconcile reason and faith/theology

Medieval

● "The human person is a soul that temporarily inhibits the body” ● the body is mortal, but the soul lives forever ● The body is a temporary vessel during our life. After life, souls go back to God after death.

St. Augustine of Hippo

According to him, the soul's destiny is with God

St. Augustine of Hippo

Humans are created in the image and likeness of god.

Imago Dei

special connection with god.

Divine origin

seeking union with god.

Teleological

According to Thomas Aquinas, the soul is...

Rational and immortal

● heavily influenced by Aristotle ● He viewed the human as an individual substance of a rational nature and a composite of body and soul. ● The soul provides the body its identity. The soul animates the body. it is the reason as to why we can move. ● the soul is a substantial form of the body

St. Thomas Aquinas

(Of the soul) thinking and acting through reason and not emotion

Rational

(Of the soul) source and nature of the soul is from God.

Immortal

● He was searching for a kind of truth that is indubitable ● There is one thing that cannot be doubted, which is the thinking self. ● The thinking self is a version of you who is able to think and doubt.

Rene Descartes

According to Descartes, there is one thing that cannot be doubted, which is the

Thinking self

A specific kind of method to reach doubt. ○ You doubt everything that can be doubted to achieve certainty. This is the way to philosophical enlightenment.

Methodic doubt

I think therefore I am

Cogito, ergo sum

What defines the human person?

Thinking self

The human person according to Descartes is

Res cogitans (the thinking self) and res extensa (The extended self)

○ The things that have first contact with the physical world. ○ In this sense, descartes believes it is the body that is also known as our point of contact

Res extensa

○ Us humans our thinking selves distinct from the physical world ○ This is the human person

Res cogitans

Came up with rational autonomy

Immanuel Kant

_____ allows us to use our reason in making moral judgements and act according to principle.

Rationality

________: To make moral choices freely and independently.

Autonomy

Being aware of moral responsibilities ○ We are being directed to living an ethical life

Rational autonomy

● Imperative moral duties ○ Rooted to rationality. They are not imposed externally, moral principles are discovered through our own reflection.

Moral law and duty

Universality of moral duties. ○ Kant says that moral principles should be universal. ○ It applies to every human being

Universal law and principles

3 moral agents according to Kant

Rational autonomy, Moral laws and duty, Universal law and principles

Making moral decisions based on reasons and rational principles instead of personal interests and external forces.

Categorical imperative

Categorical imperative is divided into 3 principles

Principle of Universal Law, Principle of Humanity, Principle of Autonomy

"Act only according to the maxim by which you can at the same time will, that it would become a universal law"

Principle of universal law

"Act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another, always as an end and never as a means only"

Principle of humanity

"Every rational being is able to regard oneself as a maker of universal law, that is, we do not need an external authority to determine the nature of moral law, since we can discover this for ourselves."

Principle of autonomy

● Not as famous but was a prominent thinker in existentialism. ● His understanding of the human person is multifaceted. ● Commonly, his ideas are established within the existence of the stage of life. ● This concept is central to this understanding of the human condition

Soren Kiekegaard

3 stages of existence/life according to Kiekegaard

Aesthetic, ethical, religious

living for sensory pleasure, lacking in deep purpose ○ Quick gratification ○ Driven by desires ○ Temporary pleasures ○ Lack of commitment ○ Cycle of boredom because we are not content because these pleasures are temporary

Aesthetic stage

Recognizing the importance of moral values. Taking responsibility for actions. ○ Higher level of existence ○ Recognize importance of duties ○ Living a life guided by moral ethics

Ethical stage

● profound and personal relationship with the divine ○ Highest level of existence ○ A deep commitment to faith and values ○ Not about religious traditions but a relationship with god. ○ For atheists, if we were to follow Soren’s thinking, this stage is impossible.

Religious stage

Kierkegaard believes that the goal of human existence is to achieve a ________ by moving past the aesthetic and ethical stages in order to reach the religious stage.

True authentic selfhood

Nietzsche's concepts

Will to power, eternal recurrence, ubermensch, amor fati, child as a philosophical trope

Driving force of human beings. ○ We have our inherent desire for our own goals ○ Not merely about the domination of the self, this is more about the continuous striving to overcome challenges and obstacles in our life.

Will to power

Vision of human potential in surpassing difficulties. ○ Idealized version of a human ○ Creates their own values ○ Embraces their will to power ○ A vision beyond conventional norms. ○ Someone who lives their own lives and realizes their own potentiality

Ubermensch

Our actions and choices would be infinitely repeated. ○ live our life as if we’ll live repeatedly. ○ For him, life is never ending. It is a series of various events, like joy, defeat, and sadness. ○ Live in a way of affirming life instead of despising it.

Eternal recurrence

○ We are encouraged to embrace and affirm our life experiences. ○ Both good and bad experiences are essential to our existence. ○ To appreciate the good and bad.

Amor fati - love fate