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PHILO > 4TH QTR EXAM REVIEWER > Flashcards

4TH QTR EXAM REVIEWER Flashcards

1
Q

● Can be understood as an individual’s power to think, act, and speak without restraints
● Individual power to exercise our will

A

FREEDOM

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2
Q

● Presented 2 types of freedom
○ Negative freedom and
positive freedom

A

Isiah Berlin

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3
Q

● Without an external restriction
● “Freedom from”
Meaning freedom from people or systems that affect your personal decisions

A

Negative freedom

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4
Q

● Author of the book “Leviathan”
● Wrote “Leviathan” in response to the violence and chaos he experienced in his time
● He described the nature of humans in a pessimist point of view, he called this the state of nature.

A

Thomas Hobbes

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5
Q

○ We are naturally competitive and greedy.
○ We are selfish beings.
○ Life is nasty, brutish, and
short
○ To reconcile this state of
nature, society needs a
leviathan

A

State of nature according to Thomas Hobbes

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6
Q

For him, true freedom is achieved by surrendering our natural rights to a sovereign authority through social contract. (best possible government led by a Leviathan)

A

Thomas Hobbes

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7
Q

○ A state of purest freedom
○ There is a paradox: absolute
freedom makes our rights
violable
○ Given the fact that we have
absolute freedom, the danger is that there is a big possibility that other people violate other people’s rights.

A

Locke on the state of nature

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8
Q

● An important figure in the Enlightenment period regarded as the father of liberation
● Believed that human persons are born with inalienable but violable rights.
○ This means that we are born with rights that cannot be taken away from us but other people can violate these rights.
● Fundamental rights: life, liberty, property

A

John Locke

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9
Q

○ Unwritten argument between the government and the people
○ Giving up of rights to the leviathan (government)
○ To maintain peace and order

A

Hobbes on Social Contract

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10
Q

○ Giving up rights to the
leviathan (government)
○ The government has limited
power over their citizens.

A

Locke on social contract

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11
Q

A political and ethical philosophical theory emphasizing the greatest happiness principle.

A

Utilitarianism

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12
Q

Highlights utilitarianism, individual liberty, and freedom of thought. For ____, people must have the maximum possible freedom to achieve their interests, as long as their actions are not causing harm or pain to other people.

A

John Stuart Mill

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13
Q

○ Harm principle - freedom
must be restricted
○ Too much freedom from
people = ANARCHY
○ Too much freedom from
government = OPPRESSION
○ Freedom of thought is
crucial in society’s progress.

A

Mill on freedom

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14
Q

States that the action is right if it promotes happiness. An action is wrong if it promotes unhappiness.
○ When we say happiness, we refer to pleasure.
○ For him, pleasure is the main goal of a person in life.
○ Pleasure is the absence of pain

A

Greatest Happiness Principle

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15
Q

Too much freedom from
government =

A

oppression

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16
Q

Too much freedom from
people =

A

anarchy

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17
Q

● “Freedom to”
● Self-governance or self mastery
● We deal with freedom internally since we determine what action is necessary
● The freedom to create your course of action

A

Positive Freedom

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18
Q

Originated in India more than 2000 years ago and believed that human life is suffering.

A

Buddhism

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19
Q

the cycle of birth, life, and death, human life is suffering.

A

Samsara

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20
Q

A cycle of suffering, Buddhists believe that human life is encased in a cycle of suffering and that we need to liberate ourselves from this cycle.

A

Samsara

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21
Q

we are responsible for our actions since we can choose between right and wrong

A

Moral autonomy

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21
Q

○ enlightenment or liberation
○ Liberation from suffering
○ Foremost goal of Buddhism
○ To attain this, we must
detach ourselves from desires of the flesh

A

Nirvana

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22
Q

○ On freedom: freedom is acting in accordance with the categorical imperative
○ categorical imperative states that an action is morally justified if it applies to every person. This guides us to make moral decisions based on rational decisions.
○ Rational autonomy enables moral freedom

A

Kant on Freedom

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23
Q

● Also highlighted the social contract
● Focused on the relationship
between freedom and society
● FREEDOM means PARTICIPATION
in the SOCIAL CONTRACT

A

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

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24
Q

Collective will and common interest of the people
○ Makes up the social contact which hinders violent tendencies
○ Makes up Rousseau’s view on the social contract
○ Contributes to us making a better society

A

General will

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25
Q

● A prominent psychoanalyst and humanist philosopher who authored “Escape from Freedom” (1941)
● Says that it is our responsibility to develop self-awareness

A

Erick Fromm

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26
Q

Freedom means self-realization
To achieve self-realization is to actively express our emotional and intellectual potentialities

A

Fromm on Freedom

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27
Q

○ Activity of the self and your
free will
○ “Freedom to”
○ Creativity in your will
○ Watering your love for the
community and building meaningful relationships

A

Spontaneous activity

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28
Q

● He presented the holistic perspective
○ It is the interconnection of spiritual, social, and individual freedom

A

Rudolf Steiner

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29
Q

○ Freedom comes from
spiritual development and
ethical considerations
○ Freedom for moral development = greater good
of the community
○ When we use our freedom
for moral development, we contribute to the greater good of the community.

A

Steiner on freedom

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30
Q

The foundation of Human Relation

A

Intersubjectivity

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31
Q

○ More than just
owning/possessing
○ Objectivation of the world
○ Abandoning the
significance of “being”
○ We see the world as an
object that we can possess or manipulate. We see the things around us as objects we can own. In this attitude of having, we see the world as merely a function and we objectify it.
○ We also tend to objectify the people around us.

A

Having / I have a body

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32
Q

○ Seeing humans as objects.
○ Capital and profit are seen to be the most important things in the world which leads to accumulation in capital. How do big companies do this? Selling goods and services way more expensive than they truly cost.
○ In its most basic essence, humans are not seen as humans anymore.

A

Broken world

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33
Q

○ The world appears as something that I “participate in”
○ The world appears not as an object, but as a presence.
○ Essential in personal relationships.
○ You see the world as a presence, which means the active engagement to the world around you.
○ You become open to others in such a way where you recognize that they are subjects. You are receptive to their feelings.

A

Being

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34
Q

■ Active engagement
with the world
around you
■ Openness to others

A

Presence

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35
Q

● You are not solely a thinking subject
● You are an embodied subject
● Intimacy between you and your body
● No gap between you ang your body
● You are your body
● You are a self-revealing subject

A

Embodied subjectivity

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36
Q

concrete and given conditions/circumstances that we inherit and confront. (birthdays, color)
A certain context where we are thrown into
Something (a fact) that we cannot choose nor control Objective and unchangeable aspects in our human existence
■ Also talks about our potential and what can be as a product of our freedom of choice
The realization that humans, as subjects, are relational beings .

A

Facticity

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36
Q

○ “Being-there”
○ Always belonging
somewhere. You always have an origin or belong somewhere as a human person.
● The human existence characterized by self-awareness
● Emphasized the relational nature of our human existence
● You are not a present at hand
○ You are a conscious person,
which means you should not be used like an object.

A

Dasein (Martin Heidegger)

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37
Q

2 conditions of Dasein

A

Facticity and Transcendence

38
Q

Individual power to exercise the will.
● Individual power to think, to speak, and to act.

A

Freedom

38
Q

○ Human capacity to surpass
the given conditions of our facticity through freedom and conscious choice
○ Ability to transcend external circumstances and make decisions
○ Signifies the subjective and transformative capacity to rise above your conditions
○ Relate is to people and utilize is to objects
■ We are relational beings.

A

Transcendence

39
Q

A school of thought famous because of its relatability in our life. questions about our identity, life purpose, and world place. These questions are manifestations of our thoughts.

A

Existentialism

40
Q

● Remove the essence of an object, and it becomes useless.
● Everything has an essence. Everyone has an essence.
● An essence is what makes something what it is. Without the essence, it cannot serve its purpose.
○ Ex: ballpen and ink
● We are born into this world with an essence, which means we already have a purpose. The essence comes first before we exist.

A

Essentialism

41
Q

According to him…
● “Existence precedes essence”
● Means that we exist first before
creating our essence in life. It depends on our choices and how we act in life. These determine our essence in life.
○ You realize your essence as soon as you are a human. This is where your freedom comes in, and you decide to make choices in life.

A

Jean-Paul Sartre

42
Q

● Accepting that the world is meaningless.
● Accepting the reality that we are responsible for our actions

A

Authenticity according to Sartre

43
Q

● A central theme in existentialism
● “We are doomed to be free”
means that freedom has a negative implication. He implies that we become free when we are aware of our reality. When this happens, we are burdened to take on actions and responsibilities.

A

Freedom According to Sartre

44
Q

anxiety and feeling of being lost due to the burden of responsibility.
● The human life is a constant struggle

A

Existential anguish

45
Q

● Inauthenticity
● Rejection of the meaninglessness of the world
● Denial of one’s freedom
● Avoidance of one’s responsibility
● We reject the meaning of life. This forms our denial of freedom. We tend to be dependent on external influences, this makes us live an inauthentic life. This implies that we cannot think on our own.
When we use bad faith in struggles, as a band-aid solution, we become more prone to suffering a long-term decline in our wellbeing.

A

Bad Faith According to Sartre

46
Q

○ This harm cannot be avoided, it is inevitable. Harm is a determination of a deterministic point of view.
○ Avoidance is the indication of our free will. As a human person, you will have a reaction to this harm.
○ This reaction is an indication of our determination as human beings.

A

Daniel Dennet’s Hard Avoidance

47
Q

Freedom allows us to
make ethical choices in our life and be responsible for our actions. Because of our freedom, we are responsible for our own actions. This is where our questions come in. (is this right? Should I do this?

A

Moral autonomy

48
Q

○ You can make decisions for your body. You have the freedom to choose what to do with your body.

A

Personal autonomy

48
Q

Allows us to pursue our goals and aspirations in life. We speak of the respect we give to other people and the respect we receive from other people. This is how you show respect to yourself by pursuing your aspirations in your life in relation to freedom and human dignity.

A

Human dignity

49
Q

○ you are free to explore your
surroundings, you are free to
move and be mobile.

A

Freedom of movement

50
Q

You have the freedom not to
be encased in jail.

A

Freedom from imprisonment

51
Q

you are free to think,
imagine, and form your own
opinions independently.

A

Freedom of thought

52
Q

you can let out your
emotions and showcase how you feel.

A

Emotional freedom

53
Q

you are free to engage in
any intellectual activity or activity that feeds your mind. You are free to interact with other people in the hopes of putting awareness in yourself.

A

Intellectual freedom

54
Q

you are free to make ethical
choices in life

A

Freedom of conscience

55
Q

you are free to choose what
you want to believe in.

A

Freedom of religion

56
Q

you are free to make moral
decisions

A

Moral decision making

57
Q

You are free to join groups
and associate with other
people.

A

Freedom of association

58
Q

you are free to express
yourself through speech without censorship. You have the freedom to express your thoughts without feeling censored.

A

Freedom of speech

59
Q

you are free to practice the culture you belong to. You are free to practice the ways of living that are manifested by your culture.

A

Cultural freedom

60
Q

You are free to protest as a
group.

A

Freedom of assembly

61
Q

you are free to provide
information and express through media without censorship

A

Freedom of the press

61
Q

You are free to choose your
leaders, you are free to vote
and participate in elections

A

Democratic participation

62
Q

you are free to be authentic
or to be true to yourself.

A

authenticity

62
Q

You are free to create or find
your own purpose and
meaning in life.

A

Freedom of meaning

63
Q

you are free to be
responsible for you are responsible for your own actions in life.

A

Freedom of responsibility

64
Q

● entails the notion of acting freely in alignment with one’s subjective wishes.
○ In executing your freedom, you have to consider that you are bound to moral and ethical consequences.

A

Subjectivistic misconception of freedom

65
Q

● Use of freedom in excessive reliance on faith.
○ There are people who overly depend on God. The danger in this is their excessive reliance on faith and that is not the case for freedom.
○ Our meaning in life comes in life, and we make our own path. This becomes a misconception because every action you make you relate it as God’s doing.

A

Transcendental misconception of freedom

65
Q

● Implies that freedom can be quantified or measured
○ Freedom cannot be quantified and put into numerical terms.

A

Scientific misconception of freedom

66
Q

Emphasizes individual desire without consideration for broader societal context
○ Nagkakaroon ka ng opinions without considering the whole picture.

A

Populist misconception of freedom

67
Q

● A philosophical position believing that all events, including human actions and choices, are determined by causal laws.
● Every event has a cause and this cause determines future events.

A

Determinism

68
Q

○ Since all events are already
determined and inevitable,
free will is an illusion.
○ It says that we as human
persons cannot do anything because our path has already been planned out.
○ There is already a designated path for you to take.

A

Hard or incompatibility

69
Q
A
69
Q

○ Even though external
factors are present, we humans still have a degree of free will.
○ You also have that designated path to take but how you’re going to take that path depends on you, this is where free will comes in.

A

Soft or compatibilism

70
Q

Proposed atomism

A

Leucippus and Democritus

71
Q

theory that everything in the world is made up of atoms and these atoms cause the events around us.

A

Atomism

72
Q

Proposed demon thought experiment.

A

Pierre-Simon Laplace

73
Q

○ There is an entity called the demon who knows or has been in the past and knows the future.
○ This is an entity that knows what is happening in the present.

A

Demon thought experiment

74
Q

provides a sense of order and predictability, everything is consistent

A

Causal consistency

74
Q

theories such as Newtonian physics.

A

Scientific basis

75
Q

Natural laws govern the behavior of all things.

A

Compatibility with natural laws

76
Q

Unmeasurable subatomic levels, challenging strict determinism. If they cannot be measured, it proposes the idea that determinism is a false idea.

A

Quantum indeterminacy

77
Q

Individuals might not be genuinely responsible for their actions.

A

Human agency

78
Q

An individual‘s capacity to make moral decisions and be morally responsible based on their own values, principles, and conscience.

A

Moral agency

79
Q

● A set of good moral qualities, habits, and character traits that enable individuals to act morally and virtuously.
○ Aristotle’s eudaimonia, cultivating your virtues and character in life.

A

Moral Virtue

80
Q

● Resolutely directed towards a goal
● not enough in a relationship
because it does not guarantee
change and process
● directed towards a specific goal
where you really stick to attaining the specific goal but according to Gabriel Marcel, no growth takes place here because we are constant in just attaining that goal.
● being constant in a relationship is not enough because it does not guarantee change and development in the relationship.

A

Constancy

81
Q

● deeper than loyalty because it highlights disponibilité / availability
● For Gabriel Marcel, this is different from loyalty
● deep commitment is present
● there is an exchange of ideas and thoughts or life sharings. In this way, it makes this deeper than loyalty. this also leads to deep commitment in the relationship.

A

Fidelity

82
Q

● We human persons are not stagnant human beings. We are always under the constant creative process.
The presence of improvement and development shows creativity.
● not just about producing art outcomes or doing art activities, it is about authenticity and connecting with yourself and the people around you.
● our lives are improved by a constant creative process
● Approaching life thru authenticity and engagement
● connecting with oneself and other people
● Fostering one’s growth

A

Creativity

83
Q

● Significance of interpersonal
relationships in our personal development and search for meaning
● a fundamental aspect in the existentialist belief of gabriel marcel
● you are not just recognizing that your friend is a subjective person with feelings and emotions, but also acknowledging your own. as you enter a relationship, its not just about your friend’s subjectivity, but you having your own as well.

A

Creative fidelity

84
Q

the very basis of our understanding of the world. you are expected to show goodness to other people. there is a relationship and involvement. This is why he thinks this is the first philosophy.

A

The face of the other

85
Q

to strangers or no personal
relationship speaks about our ethical responsibility towards another human being
● not a mere physical feature but a
human’s whole being
a metaphor for a whole
person. This is where ethical responsibility comes in. When encountering another person, we see them as a face that deserves ethical treatment.

A

The face

86
Q
A

PHILO (3 decks)

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