EXAM REVIEW Flashcards
1
Q
This is our approach in understanding the human person.
A
Philosophy
2
Q
When it comes to philosophy, you have to understand that it is not a mere study. It is…
A
an academic discipline or a way of life.
3
Q
Philosophy is a discipline of
A
living and thinking
4
Q
what are the two traditions of philosophy?
A
western and eastern
5
Q
4 parts of western philosophy tradition
A
ancient, medieval, modern, contemporary
6
Q
This part of western tradition started with
Greek Philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
A
Ancient
7
Q
who are the pillars of philosophy?
A
socrates, Aristotle, and plato
8
Q
The domination of christianity in Europe. Medieval philosophy consists of philosophy and theology.
A
medieval
9
Q
during medieval western tradition, philosophers of this time are also
A
theologians
10
Q
philosophers during the medieval western tradition defined philosophy as ____, which means philosophy is an instrument of theology
A
the handmaid of theology
11
Q
Philosophy during this time was used to make sense of our Christian doctrines
A
Medieval
12
Q
Happened because of the Renaissance. Philosophers in this era are scientists. During this time, if you are a scientist, you are also a philosopher
A
modern
13
Q
who is the father of modern philosophy?
A
Rene Descartes
14
Q
This is a reaction from the modern era. Existentialism, humanism, feminism, and many more came into light. The term human person came up here in the contemporary era.
A
Contemporary
15
Q
Philos means
A
love
15
Q
In this tradition, ideology is a way of life
A
eastern tradition
16
Q
T/F: You can consider Christianity, Islam, Judaism as an ideology.
A
F: They are religions
17
Q
Philosophy came from two greek words:
A
Philos + Sophia
18
Q
Sophia means
A
wisdom
19
Q
According to legends, this man coined the term philosophy
A
Pythagoras
20
Q
In Hellenistic philosophy, ____ is suspension of judgment but also “withholding of assent”.
A
epoche
21
Q
______ ______ in philosophy means refraining from accepting or agreeing with a proposition or belief until sufficient evidence or reasoning is provided to justify acceptance. It’s a stance of skepticism or reservation rather than outright rejection or acceptance.
A
Withholding assent
22
Q
Understanding the world
through symbolic language or myths and stories.
A
Muthos - Myth
23
Q
Systematic forms of
knowledge. Often associated with philosophy and other things that seek to explore the world not through narratives but facts and evidence. Seen as a way of understanding the world through reason and rationale and analytical thought.
A
Logos - Rationale
24
○ before pre socratic
thinkers
○ Stories from the greek gods and goddesses
○ poets and artists
Muthos
25
○ Questions about the human person and its essential elements in life.
○ Philosophers
Logos - socratic philosophers
26
○ Questions on the origin of the cosmos
○ sophists and natural thinkers
Logos - pre socratic thinkers
27
Ancient Greek city (587BCE) Astonishment
at the wonders observed by the Milesians is cosmological in
nature.
Miletus
27
The moral principle in modern times is based on the
reasoning of one's self
27
Thauma means
wonder
28
Because of medieval
philosophy, we were given the
idea that ___ exists
God
29
Philosophy begins with wonder
○ Thauma means “wonder”
○ It is said that philosophers
began in wonder. This is the reason why the first problems in philosophy are cosmological in nature.
○ However, this did not end in wonder but led to stupefaction.
Plato's definition of philosophy
29
According to Plato, Philosophy beings with
wonder
30
Wonder is the reason why the first problems in Philosophy are _____ in nature
cosmological
31
Coined the term "stupefaction"
Oliver Feltham
32
When a person is _____, they are put into a state of confusion but this does not work in a negative way but pushes us to be mesmerized and ask questions. There is something more beyond the state of awe and wonder.
Stupefied
33
T/F: Doubting all the time is healthy
F: Not all doubts are healthy
33
Who came up with the idea that philosophical questions usually touch 3 matters
Allan Badiou
34
What are the 3 matters touched upon philosophical questions according to Alan Badiou
Choice, meaning, life
35
____ pushes us to question many things to gauge what seems to appear in front of us.
Doubt
36
Some doubts cant lead to _____ _____ where everything leads to questions that have no goals.
radical skepticism
37
Doubt should lead us to
Perennial answers
37
Radical skepticism can lead to being ____ which is the inability to see ethical issues clearly and leads to a distorted moral vision.
Myopic
38
According to ___, It is the search for the truth, not possession of the truth which is the way of philosophy. Its questions are more relevant than its answers, and every answer becomes a new question.
Karl Jaspers
39
Philosophy is based on
Reason
40
These people wanted to be able to explain the phenomenon happening around them, such as something as simple as rain.
Greeks
41
Through _____, reality is explained through stories like Greek mythology as their initial attempt of explaining what was happening around them.
Muthos
42
They didn't want to rely on the stories of gods and goddesses which is why they made use of their reason. Which is why our approach now is to use ‘logos’.
Radical thinkers and pre-socratic thinkers
43
These 3 wanted to make use of
their reason to know the primordial element and the beginning of things. In their view, if you know our beginning, we can understand everything.
Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes
44
Pre socratic thinkers are also known as
Thinkers from Miletus or Milletian thinkers
45
According to this person, we are all made up of water. He believes that in order to understand nature, we have to understand the quality of water. Everything is reduced to water for him.
Thales
46
We are made of this boundless and shapeless substance called apeiron
Anaximander
47
According to Anaximander, we are made of this boundless and shapeless substance called
Apeiron
48
According to this person, we are made up of air
Anaximenes
49
How do we philosophize?
Thauma = wonder = stupefaction
50
This type of confusion does not work in a negative way. It becomes reinforcement to be completely mesmerized and thereby pushing oneself to ask.
Stupefaction
51
stupefaction should lead one to
question
52
_____ asked questions lead you to the truth
Genuinely
53
● For Alain Badiou, philosophical questions are questions that touch upon matters related to three things (Choice, Meaning, life)
● In the end, the answers are perennial ones that would take the duration of a lifetime for some
Perennial questions
54
When you love something because of your physical desire it is called
eros
55
What is the lowest form of love
Eros
56
It is not the physical desire being satisfied but your inner self. For example, your love for your friends. You love them not because they treat you or for other reasons, you love them because they make you happy. Thus the satisfaction of the self.
Philos
57
Philos is also known as
the love for friendship
58
The love of someone or something you continue to love even if you are not satisfied or happy anymore. It is unconditional love.
Agape
59
The study of existence.
metaphysics
59
This branch of physics answers the questions:
○ “What is out there?”
○ “What is real?”
Metaphysics
60
Econpmasses everything that exists, as well as the nature of existence itself.
Metaphysics
61
2 types of metaphysics
Cosmology and Theodicy (or nature Theology)
62
- The study of the world or universe
○ What is the world's origin?
○ What is the basic material
of which the world is
formed?
○ How do things arise?
○ Is the world or universe
infinite?
Cosmology
62
- The study of God
○ Is there a God?
○ What and who is god if he
exists at all?
○ How do we prove the
existence of god?
○ If god exists how do we
justify the existence of evil
and suffering in the world?
○ Is a belief in god really
necessary?
Theodicy or nature Theology
63
● The study of knowledge
● Answers the question
○ “How do we know?”
● Encompasses the nature of concepts, the construction of concepts, the validity of senses, logical reasoning, thoughts, ideas, memories, emotions, and all things mental.
● Concerned with how our minds are related to reality, and whether these relationships are valid.
Epistemology
63
● Study of action
● Answers the question
○ “What should I do”
● Deals with the proper course of
action for man
● Method by which people
categorize values and pursue them
Ethics
64
● Asks the following questions;
○ What is knowledge?
○ What do we know?
○ How is knowledge
acquired?
○ What are the structures
and limits of knowledge?
○ What makes justified
beliefs justified?
Epistemology
65
● Asks the following questions;
○ How do we tell god from evil or right from wrong?
○ Do we pursue our happiness, or do we sacrifice ourselves to a greater cause?
○ Is the foundation of ethics based on the bible, or the very nature of man himself, or neither?
○ What do we mean by virtue?
Ethics
66
The study of force
● Answers the question
○ “What acts are permissible?”
● It is ethics applied to a group of people
Politics
67
○ What is the government?
○ What makes a
government work?
○ Whydoweneeda
government?
○ What rights and freedom
should be granted to
people?
○ Why should individuals
obey the law?
Politics
68
The study of art
Answers the question “what life can be like?”
Evaluates art by using the standards of human life and if whether it accomplishes the job of satisfying man’s intellectual needs or whether it tends to hurt or make of those needs.
Aesthetics
69
○ What is art?
○ What makes an artwork
successful?
○ Is art an expression of feelings?
Aesthetics
70
Importance of Aesthetics
● Vitalizes our knowledge
● Helps us to live more deeply and
richly
● Brings us in touch with our culture
70
According to this person,
Our taste and judgements regarding beauty, work in connection with one's own personal experiences and culture.
Our culture consists of the values and beliefs of our time and our society. That is why a “dialogue" conversation is important in interpreting works of art.
Hans-George Gadamer
71
● The study of reason
● Answers the questions;
○ What is correct reasoning?
○ What is valid reasoning
● Attempts to distinguish a fact
from fallacy
Logic
72
Greek word logike and was coined by ___, the stoic
Zeno
73
It means a treatise on matters pertaining to human thought. Its concern is the truth or the validity of our arguments
Logic
73
● ___ is the agreement of knowledge with reality
● it exists when the mind’s mental representations, otherwise known as ideas, correspond with things in the objective world.
Truth
74
He felt the need to refurnish the idea that philosophy comes from wonder which is why he coined the term stupefaction.
Oliver Feltham
75
Being confused, the human person is being put in a situation where they are confused.
Stupefaction
76
When you are stupefied you are in
doubt
77
Pythagoras coined _____ for a humbler term for people pursuing wisdom. When we say that it means constantly being a student.
Philosophus
77
Doubt leads us to
perennial answers
78
4 points of the Real definitions of Philosophy
1. Philosophy as a science
2. Philosophy as a science of all things
3. Philosophy as a science of all things through its causes and principles
4. Philosophy as a science of all things aquired through the uses of natural reasons
79
How are philosophy and science the same?
They both use observations and create hypotheses
80
We are basically saying that philosophy is the same as science.
Philosophy as a science
81
If science pursue their objectives through experiments, in philosophy we..
Investigate and use our human reason through conversations and dialogues
82
Anything that a human person can think of, as long as a human person can create their own ideas or questions, it is philosophy. Anything na matatanong under the sun is philosophy.
Philosophy as a science of all things
83
Philosophy starts with the love of wisdom. We go back to the origin of things . We understand the origin of new things or where everything starts.
Philosophy as a science of all things through its causes and principles
84
We are observing and we are understanding the world through the use of natural reason or human reason. We use dialogues to argue and to make reason.
Philosophy as a science of all things acquired through the uses of natural reasons
85
5 main branches of philosophy
Anthology, Epistemology, Ethics, Aesthetics, Logic
86
The study or theory of reality or the nature of being.
Anthology
87
The study of knowledge
Epistemology
88
The study of beauty or evaluation
Aesthetics
89
The study or theory of what is moral and not
Ethics
90
The study of reasoning and sound thinking
Logic
91
Falls under the branch of logic. In logic, we try to eliminate errors
Critical thinking
92
In our everyday human lives, we always encounter instances where we are required to use our reasoning capabilities. These instances come in the form of
Cause and effect
93
● Thinking should not be static
● Initiating the best course of
action ahead of time
● Weighing the pros and cons in
decision making
Proactive thinking
93
It's easy to keep agreeing with people or follow the ideas of another person, the negative tendency here is that you aren't able to create your own thoughts or ideas. Which implies your thinking is
static
93
● Thinking is an activity that starts from the self.
● Executing one’s own ideas without the influence of others.
● When we think we put forward
our own truth.
Independent thinking
94
● To think is to always think within a context
● Context is the backbone / framework of thinking
● Content provides clarity
Contextual thinking
95
● Understanding reality by using ones ingenuity
● Putting flavor in a boring surface of reality.
Creative thinking
96
○ Common sense will tell you
that you cannot think if there is no basis. It is through context from which our arguments, dialogue, and reasoning happens.
Contextual thinking
97
Elements of critical thinking
Independent, Proactive, Contextual, Creative and Collaborative thinking
98
● There is a reality outside the mind which can be known through experience. What we perceive out in the world is real.
● This theory is one of the oldest systems in epistemology. Dates back to the times of aristotle.
● It puts forward the question “what is reality?”, questions here revolve around this topic.
Study of realism
98
Thinking with other people for a unified goal
● Detecting ones intersubjectivity
● Developing one's understanding
towards each other.
The point is essentially where ideas and thoughts become an important aspect in achieving a goal with other people.
Collaborative thinking
99
For aristotle, reality is ______. It means we can know reality or have true knowledge of reality through observation and analysis, basically saying the world can be known through experience. So whatever we perceive out there in the world is real.
Empirical
100
● The objects you perceive are part of the external world and they exist independently of the human mind. Which means this isn’t just something made up of our mind, they are there and real.
○ Ex: im seeing this white door in front of me.
- Because I am able to see it and perceive it, it means it exists in reality. It is real.
Realism
101
● Truth is dependent on a person, truth is subjective matter.
● In this theory, the basis of truth is subjective. What may be true to someone may not be to you. As human beings, we think relatively or differently. It emphasizes our own or a person’s worldview.
○ Ex: the sunrise gives me comfort
- You are talking about your love for the sunrise but it may not be the same with others. The specific love for sunrise speaks about your own worldview.
Theory of Relativism
101
When we make decisions, we base our thoughts to our belief of what is right and wrong
Moral relativism
101
2 types of relativism
Moral and cultural
102
What we believe is based on our cultural backgrounds.
Cultural relativism
103
A truth is regarded as a truth if it has practical consequences that are beneficial.
A truth is only considered true if it has practical consequences, these are an important aspect in this theory. Practical consequences should have benefits so that the truth can be considered as true.
Theory of Pragmatism
104
For a pragmatist, there are three criterias to consider the truth:
Utility, doability and beneficialness
105
In the theory of pragmatism, As long as this solution remains just in the mind but not converted into action, it is just a
thought
106
● The source of all meaning and value is the lived experience of human beings.
● Study of essences and go back to these essences.
● “To go back to the things themselves”
Theory of phenomenology
107
Who discovered the theory of phenomenology
Edmund Husserl
108
● Here, we go back to how we see the world the same as the first time we saw it.
● Going back to the essence of a specific phenomenon. We try to grasp how things present themselves to us. We try to see things and occurrences as they are and without bias and prejudice.
● This goes beyond and transcends the natural attitude
Theory of phenomenology
109
Looking at reality by means of facts or things
○ kind of attitude in which we merely look at reality as things, we only see the world as based on facts. The danger of this according to Dr. Manuel d., the way of knowing the natural attitude is fragmented, precise, celar, and manipulative. What follows from here is
that there is no room for mystery. There are no other ways to understand or look at reality and the world.
Natural attitude
110
This makes something, something
Essence
110
We look into this through our consciousness of our experiences. We could forward the idea that reality could be understood through the structure of consciousness, applying
intentionality
111
In pheno, there is something we call ____. Which means the direction of our experiences to objects and acts that provide meaning to objects.
intentionality
112
______ deals with lived experiences of human beings and its goal is to understand the world as to how it is interpreted by our human consciousness
phenomenology
113
first principle, irrefutable, irreducible
Axioms
113
● It is a statement that is considered to be true and accurate.
● It is a starting point, there is nothing before this. It is a self evident truth. Means knowledge comes from this. We deal with the statement or the assumption that is regarded to be true and accurate.
● It is a fundamental assumption from which our reasoning activities will start.
Theory of axioms
114
Did not have an explicit discussion about his view on the human person. He put an emphasis on the Arete of the Psyche.
● His philosophy primarily focuses on how the soul deals with excellence or how the soul can achieve excellence.
● For Socrates the start of wisdom is through knowing one self.
● To properly philosophize, make a dialogue internally and outwardly.
The relationship of the Psyche
and Arete is very symmetrical because it says that when you are well trained or well educated, you are cultivating ur soul or your inner life.
Socrates
115
Arete means
excellence
116
Psyche
Soul
117
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