Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PHILO > EXAM REVIEW > Flashcards

EXAM REVIEW Flashcards

1
Q

This is our approach in understanding the human person.

A

Philosophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When it comes to philosophy, you have to understand that it is not a mere study. It is…

A

an academic discipline or a way of life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Philosophy is a discipline of

A

living and thinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the two traditions of philosophy?

A

western and eastern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

4 parts of western philosophy tradition

A

ancient, medieval, modern, contemporary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

This part of western tradition started with
Greek Philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.

A

Ancient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

who are the pillars of philosophy?

A

socrates, Aristotle, and plato

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The domination of christianity in Europe. Medieval philosophy consists of philosophy and theology.

A

medieval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

during medieval western tradition, philosophers of this time are also

A

theologians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

philosophers during the medieval western tradition defined philosophy as ____, which means philosophy is an instrument of theology

A

the handmaid of theology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Philosophy during this time was used to make sense of our Christian doctrines

A

Medieval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Happened because of the Renaissance. Philosophers in this era are scientists. During this time, if you are a scientist, you are also a philosopher

A

modern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

who is the father of modern philosophy?

A

Rene Descartes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

This is a reaction from the modern era. Existentialism, humanism, feminism, and many more came into light. The term human person came up here in the contemporary era.

A

Contemporary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Philos means

A

love

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In this tradition, ideology is a way of life

A

eastern tradition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

T/F: You can consider Christianity, Islam, Judaism as an ideology.

A

F: They are religions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Philosophy came from two greek words:

A

Philos + Sophia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Sophia means

A

wisdom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

According to legends, this man coined the term philosophy

A

Pythagoras

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

In Hellenistic philosophy, ____ is suspension of judgment but also “withholding of assent”.

A

epoche

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

______ ______ in philosophy means refraining from accepting or agreeing with a proposition or belief until sufficient evidence or reasoning is provided to justify acceptance. It’s a stance of skepticism or reservation rather than outright rejection or acceptance.

A

Withholding assent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Understanding the world
through symbolic language or myths and stories.

A

Muthos - Myth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Systematic forms of
knowledge. Often associated with philosophy and other things that seek to explore the world not through narratives but facts and evidence. Seen as a way of understanding the world through reason and rationale and analytical thought.

A

Logos - Rationale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

○ before pre socratic
thinkers
○ Stories from the greek gods and goddesses
○ poets and artists

A

Muthos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

○ Questions about the human person and its essential elements in life.
○ Philosophers

A

Logos - socratic philosophers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

○ Questions on the origin of the cosmos
○ sophists and natural thinkers

A

Logos - pre socratic thinkers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Ancient Greek city (587BCE) Astonishment
at the wonders observed by the Milesians is cosmological in
nature.

A

Miletus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The moral principle in modern times is based on the

A

reasoning of one’s self

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Thauma means

A

wonder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Because of medieval
philosophy, we were given the
idea that ___ exists

A

God

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Philosophy begins with wonder
○ Thauma means “wonder”
○ It is said that philosophers
began in wonder. This is the reason why the first problems in philosophy are cosmological in nature.
○ However, this did not end in wonder but led to stupefaction.

A

Plato’s definition of philosophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

According to Plato, Philosophy beings with

A

wonder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Wonder is the reason why the first problems in Philosophy are _____ in nature

A

cosmological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Coined the term “stupefaction”

A

Oliver Feltham

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

When a person is _____, they are put into a state of confusion but this does not work in a negative way but pushes us to be mesmerized and ask questions. There is something more beyond the state of awe and wonder.

A

Stupefied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

T/F: Doubting all the time is healthy

A

F: Not all doubts are healthy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Who came up with the idea that philosophical questions usually touch 3 matters

A

Allan Badiou

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the 3 matters touched upon philosophical questions according to Alan Badiou

A

Choice, meaning, life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

____ pushes us to question many things to gauge what seems to appear in front of us.

A

Doubt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Some doubts cant lead to _____ _____ where everything leads to questions that have no goals.

A

radical skepticism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Doubt should lead us to

A

Perennial answers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Radical skepticism can lead to being ____ which is the inability to see ethical issues clearly and leads to a distorted moral vision.

A

Myopic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

According to ___, It is the search for the truth, not possession of the truth which is the way of philosophy. Its questions are more relevant than its answers, and every answer becomes a new question.

A

Karl Jaspers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Philosophy is based on

A

Reason

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

These people wanted to be able to explain the phenomenon happening around them, such as something as simple as rain.

A

Greeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Through _____, reality is explained through stories like Greek mythology as their initial attempt of explaining what was happening around them.

A

Muthos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

They didn’t want to rely on the stories of gods and goddesses which is why they made use of their reason. Which is why our approach now is to use ‘logos’.

A

Radical thinkers and pre-socratic thinkers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

These 3 wanted to make use of
their reason to know the primordial element and the beginning of things. In their view, if you know our beginning, we can understand everything.

A

Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Pre socratic thinkers are also known as

A

Thinkers from Miletus or Milletian thinkers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

According to this person, we are all made up of water. He believes that in order to understand nature, we have to understand the quality of water. Everything is reduced to water for him.

A

Thales

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

We are made of this boundless and shapeless substance called apeiron

A

Anaximander

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

According to Anaximander, we are made of this boundless and shapeless substance called

A

Apeiron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

According to this person, we are made up of air

A

Anaximenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

How do we philosophize?

A

Thauma = wonder = stupefaction

50
Q

This type of confusion does not work in a negative way. It becomes reinforcement to be completely mesmerized and thereby pushing oneself to ask.

A

Stupefaction

51
Q

stupefaction should lead one to

A

question

52
Q

_____ asked questions lead you to the truth

A

Genuinely

53
Q

● For Alain Badiou, philosophical questions are questions that touch upon matters related to three things (Choice, Meaning, life)
● In the end, the answers are perennial ones that would take the duration of a lifetime for some

A

Perennial questions

54
Q

When you love something because of your physical desire it is called

A

eros

55
Q

What is the lowest form of love

A

Eros

56
Q

It is not the physical desire being satisfied but your inner self. For example, your love for your friends. You love them not because they treat you or for other reasons, you love them because they make you happy. Thus the satisfaction of the self.

A

Philos

57
Q

Philos is also known as

A

the love for friendship

58
Q

The love of someone or something you continue to love even if you are not satisfied or happy anymore. It is unconditional love.

A

Agape

59
Q

The study of existence.

A

metaphysics

59
Q

This branch of physics answers the questions:
○ “What is out there?”
○ “What is real?”

A

Metaphysics

60
Q

Econpmasses everything that exists, as well as the nature of existence itself.

A

Metaphysics

61
Q

2 types of metaphysics

A

Cosmology and Theodicy (or nature Theology)

62
Q
  • The study of the world or universe
    ○ What is the world’s origin?
    ○ What is the basic material
    of which the world is
    formed?
    ○ How do things arise?
    ○ Is the world or universe
    infinite?
A

Cosmology

62
Q
  • The study of God
    ○ Is there a God?
    ○ What and who is god if he
    exists at all?
    ○ How do we prove the
    existence of god?
    ○ If god exists how do we
    justify the existence of evil
    and suffering in the world?
    ○ Is a belief in god really
    necessary?
A

Theodicy or nature Theology

63
Q

● The study of knowledge
● Answers the question
○ “How do we know?”
● Encompasses the nature of concepts, the construction of concepts, the validity of senses, logical reasoning, thoughts, ideas, memories, emotions, and all things mental.
● Concerned with how our minds are related to reality, and whether these relationships are valid.

A

Epistemology

63
Q

● Study of action
● Answers the question
○ “What should I do”
● Deals with the proper course of
action for man
● Method by which people
categorize values and pursue them

A

Ethics

64
Q

● Asks the following questions;
○ What is knowledge?
○ What do we know?
○ How is knowledge
acquired?
○ What are the structures
and limits of knowledge?
○ What makes justified
beliefs justified?

A

Epistemology

65
Q

● Asks the following questions;
○ How do we tell god from evil or right from wrong?
○ Do we pursue our happiness, or do we sacrifice ourselves to a greater cause?
○ Is the foundation of ethics based on the bible, or the very nature of man himself, or neither?
○ What do we mean by virtue?

A

Ethics

66
Q

The study of force
● Answers the question
○ “What acts are permissible?”
● It is ethics applied to a group of people

A

Politics

67
Q

○ What is the government?
○ What makes a
government work?
○ Whydoweneeda
government?
○ What rights and freedom
should be granted to
people?
○ Why should individuals
obey the law?

A

Politics

68
Q

The study of art
Answers the question “what life can be like?”
Evaluates art by using the standards of human life and if whether it accomplishes the job of satisfying man’s intellectual needs or whether it tends to hurt or make of those needs.

A

Aesthetics

69
Q

○ What is art?
○ What makes an artwork
successful?
○ Is art an expression of feelings?

A

Aesthetics

70
Q

Importance of Aesthetics

A

● Vitalizes our knowledge
● Helps us to live more deeply and
richly
● Brings us in touch with our culture

70
Q

According to this person,
Our taste and judgements regarding beauty, work in connection with one’s own personal experiences and culture.
Our culture consists of the values and beliefs of our time and our society. That is why a “dialogue” conversation is important in interpreting works of art.

A

Hans-George Gadamer

71
Q

● The study of reason
● Answers the questions;
○ What is correct reasoning?
○ What is valid reasoning
● Attempts to distinguish a fact
from fallacy

A

Logic

72
Q

Greek word logike and was coined by ___, the stoic

A

Zeno

73
Q

It means a treatise on matters pertaining to human thought. Its concern is the truth or the validity of our arguments

A

Logic

73
Q

● ___ is the agreement of knowledge with reality
● it exists when the mind’s mental representations, otherwise known as ideas, correspond with things in the objective world.

A

Truth

74
Q

He felt the need to refurnish the idea that philosophy comes from wonder which is why he coined the term stupefaction.

A

Oliver Feltham

75
Q

Being confused, the human person is being put in a situation where they are confused.

A

Stupefaction

76
Q

When you are stupefied you are in

A

doubt

77
Q

Pythagoras coined _____ for a humbler term for people pursuing wisdom. When we say that it means constantly being a student.

A

Philosophus

77
Q

Doubt leads us to

A

perennial answers

78
Q

4 points of the Real definitions of Philosophy

A
  1. Philosophy as a science
  2. Philosophy as a science of all things
  3. Philosophy as a science of all things through its causes and principles
  4. Philosophy as a science of all things aquired through the uses of natural reasons
79
Q

How are philosophy and science the same?

A

They both use observations and create hypotheses

80
Q

We are basically saying that philosophy is the same as science.

A

Philosophy as a science

81
Q

If science pursue their objectives through experiments, in philosophy we..

A

Investigate and use our human reason through conversations and dialogues

82
Q

Anything that a human person can think of, as long as a human person can create their own ideas or questions, it is philosophy. Anything na matatanong under the sun is philosophy.

A

Philosophy as a science of all things

83
Q

Philosophy starts with the love of wisdom. We go back to the origin of things . We understand the origin of new things or where everything starts.

A

Philosophy as a science of all things through its causes and principles

84
Q

We are observing and we are understanding the world through the use of natural reason or human reason. We use dialogues to argue and to make reason.

A

Philosophy as a science of all things acquired through the uses of natural reasons

85
Q

5 main branches of philosophy

A

Anthology, Epistemology, Ethics, Aesthetics, Logic

86
Q

The study or theory of reality or the nature of being.

A

Anthology

87
Q

The study of knowledge

A

Epistemology

88
Q

The study of beauty or evaluation

A

Aesthetics

89
Q

The study or theory of what is moral and not

A

Ethics

90
Q

The study of reasoning and sound thinking

A

Logic

91
Q

Falls under the branch of logic. In logic, we try to eliminate errors

A

Critical thinking

92
Q

In our everyday human lives, we always encounter instances where we are required to use our reasoning capabilities. These instances come in the form of

A

Cause and effect

93
Q

● Thinking should not be static
● Initiating the best course of
action ahead of time
● Weighing the pros and cons in
decision making

A

Proactive thinking

93
Q

It’s easy to keep agreeing with people or follow the ideas of another person, the negative tendency here is that you aren’t able to create your own thoughts or ideas. Which implies your thinking is

A

static

93
Q

● Thinking is an activity that starts from the self.
● Executing one’s own ideas without the influence of others.
● When we think we put forward
our own truth.

A

Independent thinking

94
Q

● To think is to always think within a context
● Context is the backbone / framework of thinking
● Content provides clarity

A

Contextual thinking

95
Q

● Understanding reality by using ones ingenuity
● Putting flavor in a boring surface of reality.

A

Creative thinking

96
Q

○ Common sense will tell you
that you cannot think if there is no basis. It is through context from which our arguments, dialogue, and reasoning happens.

A

Contextual thinking

97
Q

Elements of critical thinking

A

Independent, Proactive, Contextual, Creative and Collaborative thinking

98
Q

● There is a reality outside the mind which can be known through experience. What we perceive out in the world is real.
● This theory is one of the oldest systems in epistemology. Dates back to the times of aristotle.
● It puts forward the question “what is reality?”, questions here revolve around this topic.

A

Study of realism

98
Q

Thinking with other people for a unified goal
● Detecting ones intersubjectivity
● Developing one’s understanding
towards each other.
The point is essentially where ideas and thoughts become an important aspect in achieving a goal with other people.

A

Collaborative thinking

99
Q

For aristotle, reality is ______. It means we can know reality or have true knowledge of reality through observation and analysis, basically saying the world can be known through experience. So whatever we perceive out there in the world is real.

A

Empirical

100
Q

● The objects you perceive are part of the external world and they exist independently of the human mind. Which means this isn’t just something made up of our mind, they are there and real.
○ Ex: im seeing this white door in front of me.
- Because I am able to see it and perceive it, it means it exists in reality. It is real.

A

Realism

101
Q

● Truth is dependent on a person, truth is subjective matter.
● In this theory, the basis of truth is subjective. What may be true to someone may not be to you. As human beings, we think relatively or differently. It emphasizes our own or a person’s worldview.
○ Ex: the sunrise gives me comfort
- You are talking about your love for the sunrise but it may not be the same with others. The specific love for sunrise speaks about your own worldview.

A

Theory of Relativism

101
Q

When we make decisions, we base our thoughts to our belief of what is right and wrong

A

Moral relativism

101
Q

2 types of relativism

A

Moral and cultural

102
Q

What we believe is based on our cultural backgrounds.

A

Cultural relativism

103
Q

A truth is regarded as a truth if it has practical consequences that are beneficial.
A truth is only considered true if it has practical consequences, these are an important aspect in this theory. Practical consequences should have benefits so that the truth can be considered as true.

A

Theory of Pragmatism

104
Q

For a pragmatist, there are three criterias to consider the truth:

A

Utility, doability and beneficialness

105
Q

In the theory of pragmatism, As long as this solution remains just in the mind but not converted into action, it is just a

A

thought

106
Q

● The source of all meaning and value is the lived experience of human beings.
● Study of essences and go back to these essences.
● “To go back to the things themselves”

A

Theory of phenomenology

107
Q

Who discovered the theory of phenomenology

A

Edmund Husserl

108
Q

● Here, we go back to how we see the world the same as the first time we saw it.
● Going back to the essence of a specific phenomenon. We try to grasp how things present themselves to us. We try to see things and occurrences as they are and without bias and prejudice.
● This goes beyond and transcends the natural attitude

A

Theory of phenomenology

109
Q

Looking at reality by means of facts or things
○ kind of attitude in which we merely look at reality as things, we only see the world as based on facts. The danger of this according to Dr. Manuel d., the way of knowing the natural attitude is fragmented, precise, celar, and manipulative. What follows from here is
that there is no room for mystery. There are no other ways to understand or look at reality and the world.

A

Natural attitude

110
Q

This makes something, something

A

Essence

110
Q

We look into this through our consciousness of our experiences. We could forward the idea that reality could be understood through the structure of consciousness, applying

A

intentionality

111
Q

In pheno, there is something we call ____. Which means the direction of our experiences to objects and acts that provide meaning to objects.

A

intentionality

112
Q

______ deals with lived experiences of human beings and its goal is to understand the world as to how it is interpreted by our human consciousness

A

phenomenology

113
Q

first principle, irrefutable, irreducible

A

Axioms

113
Q

● It is a statement that is considered to be true and accurate.
● It is a starting point, there is nothing before this. It is a self evident truth. Means knowledge comes from this. We deal with the statement or the assumption that is regarded to be true and accurate.
● It is a fundamental assumption from which our reasoning activities will start.

A

Theory of axioms

114
Q

Did not have an explicit discussion about his view on the human person. He put an emphasis on the Arete of the Psyche.
● His philosophy primarily focuses on how the soul deals with excellence or how the soul can achieve excellence.
● For Socrates the start of wisdom is through knowing one self.
● To properly philosophize, make a dialogue internally and outwardly.
The relationship of the Psyche
and Arete is very symmetrical because it says that when you are well trained or well educated, you are cultivating ur soul or your inner life.

A

Socrates

115
Q

Arete means

A

excellence

116
Q

Psyche

A

Soul

117
Q
A
118
Q
A

PHILO (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions