Exam Review - Unit 3 Flashcards
TIMELINE OF IMPORTANT EVENTS
• 1867 British North America Act passed
• 1869 Canada purchases Rupert’s Land
• 1870 Red River Resistance / Manitoba Act
• 1871 British Columbia joins Confederation
• 1871 First Numbered Treaty signed
• 1873 Cypress Hills Massacre / NWMP established
• 1873 Macdonald resigns amid “Pacific Scandal”
• 1876 Indian Act
• 1878 Macdonald re-elected with National Policy
1885 North-West Resistance
1885 CPR completed at Craigellachie
1890 Manitoba Public Schools Act
• 1896 Laurier Elected
• 1905 Creation of Alberta and Saskatchewan
RED RIVER AND NORTH-WEST RESISTANCE
What factors shaped the creation of Manitoba?
THE NUMBERED TREATIES
Under what circumstances did the Plains First
Nations sign treaties?
WESTERN IMMIGRATION
What factors shaped the settlement of the Prairies?
SOCIAL REFORM
What was life in post-Confederation western
Canada like?
THEMES
- Red River Resistance & the Manitoba Act:
• Métis / St. Boniface / Selkirk Settlers / “Canadian Party” and Orangemen
• Rupert’s Land / Surveyors / Comité national des Métis / List of Rights
• Provisional Government / Red River Delegation / Thomas Scott
Manitoba Act / Scrip
• Red River Expeditionary Force / “Reign of Terror” / Métis Dispersion
THEMES
North-West Resistance:
• Cypress Hills Massacre / NWMP / CPR
• Battle of Batoche / Trial of Louis Riel
THEMES
- The Numbered Treaties:
• Allies to Subordinates / Numbered Treaties
• Reserves / Indian Agents / Residential Schools / Assimilation
• Indian Act / Paternalism / Status Indian / Enfranchisement
THEMES
Western Immigration:
• Immigration / BC / PEI / Manitoba / Saskatchewan / Alberta
• National Policy / Protective Tariffs / CPR / Settlement of the West
• Immigration / Immigrant Groups / Clifford Sifton
• Western Labour / Discontent / Industrialization / Urbanization / Social Reform
• Social Reform / Social Gospel / Temperance / Prohibition / Suffrage
THEMES
People
Louis Riel
Ambroise Lepine
John Schultz
Thomas Scott
William McDougall
Gabriel Dumont
Big Bear
Poundmaker
John A. Macdonald
Alexander Mackenzie
Wilfrid Laurier
Clifford Sifton
J. S. Woodsworth
clifford sifton
ifton started focusing his campaigns towards british farmers, but he realized that they had problems with shorter growing seasons and harsher winters. He shifted his focus to central, and eastern Europe. He was convinced that the framers of the European grasslands, so similar to Canada’s prairies, had the skills, perseverance, and experience to succeed in farming Canada’s grasslands.
His shift payed of because between 1891 and 1902, the number of immigrants arriving in Canada was 437 830. Between 1902 and 1914, almost three million immigrants came to Canada. Most being english speakers and some went to urban centers but most wenet strat to farming.
That attracted ukrainian farmers because the were kind of enslaved in the Ukraine by high taxes, mandatory military, and they were indentured workers benefiting land owners.
The promise of land encouraged them to move to canada and some lived in urban centers but others lived in isolated farmers. They solved that by creating road connected there farms “the Ukrainian Four-Corner Settlements”
Russian jews also emigrated during european persecution of jews, and many seeked refuge in Toronto, Monteria, and Winnipeg in 1890. There sekill helped them establish a great manufacturing industry in Canada.
Unfortunately there was discrimination against people with darker skin especially immigrants, they would get least desired place in comparison to their lighterskind counterparts. Moreover the japanese were also discriminated against and in 1907 quotas were put on Japanese immigrants.
After the war, fears of communism escalated, leading to a ban on communist immigration. Communism is an economic system in which property is owned collectively and labour is organized to benefit all. Communist ideas had led to a revolution in Russia in 1917, and many governments around the world viewed communist ideas as treasonous
In 1919 Canad band all comulmunists imigrtion.
Macdonald
Macdonald’s national policy was successful in attracting immigrants and settling the west.
-There was population growth, In the west the population grew from 43 000 in 1871 to 250,000 in 1891.
- Under Macdonald’s government, immigrants came from new England, France, belgium and Switzerland.
- Macdonald’s National Policy attracted immigrants, and the West’s population grew from 43,000 in 1871 to about 250,000 by 1891.
The Dominion Lands Act in 1872 encouraged thousands from central Canada to settle in the West, resulting in about 40,000 Ontarians moving to Manitoba between 1876 and 1881.
Additionally, French-speaking immigrants from various regions, including New England, Québec, France, Switzerland, and Belgium, contributed to the West’s demographic changes during this period.
Econnomic impact
A dramatic rise in population in the west as Assiniboia, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Athabasca requested provincial status after 1896.
In 1905 Saskatchewan and Albert were created and given laws as Ontario; however, the federal government controlled Crown lands and natural resources.
By the end of the 1920’s Canada’s population increased to ten million, which help create a local market, growth in manufacturing, and increased urbanisation.
cultural impact
Canada’s culture coming mostly from First Nations, Métis, Inuit, British, and French people, now received cultures from all over the world.
Not only did this create a more diverse culture, but brought people closer as a nation by sharing similar experiences with other immigrants.
This allowed more religions and languages to emerge and spread throughout Canada, other than English, French and the protestant religion.
politcal and social change
It was during post-confederation that Canada shifted significantly, due to territorial expansion, immigration, as well as industrialization, as the conditions in Canada changed so did the inhabitants expectations. Reforms demanding change were enacted including the demand of reduction of tariffs on imported goods, the formation of new political parties, trade unions, women’s rights groups, as well as humanitarian groups to improve living and work conditions. This is a significant part of Canadian History as it marks the beginning of political and social change, both negative, and positive, contributing to industrial growth and cultural decline. Even today the effects of our post confederation dominion can be observed in Canadian society through our politics and social prejudice and expectations.
reason to change politcally and socially
Summary: Farmers were upset because they had to pay shipping cost or freight rates to the monopoly of the CPR. The west had no choice but to put up with these unfair policies as they could not survive as farmers without their products shipping east. The Government was at fault because their police disallowance did not allow any other railroads to be built in the West, allowing the CPR to charge what they want. They charged shipping twice as high in the west as in central Canada. Farmers in the west were also suffering from tariffs established by the national policy. When they needed machinery there would be high duties on these items imported from America.
Economic Development + Industrialization
Industrialization: The process which first an Industry that is located in a rural area which collects raw materials (milk, wood, etc) will be exported to another Industry that is located in industrial locations which turns the raw materials to finished products (cheese, paper, etc). With the Employees transitioning from place to place
Industrial Development: In the mid to late 19th century canada’s industrialization growth was limited as most countries such as britain already industrialized
The materials: farming for wheat and cheese, fisheries on pacific and atlantic coast, and inefficient lumber trade compared to Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and BC which were major lumber suppliers.
The minerals: However, in Yukon 1896 the discovery of gold deposits prompted a gold rush and led to the discovery of other minerals such as copper, coal, silver, asbestos, nickel, gypsum, salt, iron ore, lead, and zinc.
This led to larger mining companies to form across the country in the 1930’s creating jobs and permanent mines in towns and cities such as Estevan, Saskatchewan, and Lethbridge, Alberta.
John A. Macdonald’s National Policy
Protective Tariffs
A National Railway
Settlement of the West
Protective Tariffs
Macdonald introduced higher tariffs on goods coming into the country that threatened to prevent Canadian industry from growing
Especially agriculture
A National Railway
The Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) was officially formed in 1880
Its task: build a railway that operated from Montreal across the continent to British Columbia
BC had joined Confederation in 1871 off the promise of a transcontinental railway
The CPR is completed in 1885 (est. to be completed in 1891)
An extremely expensive undertaking and the CPR had to ask the federal government for help:
25 million dollars
10 million hectares of land
1100 km of already completed rail line
Deal that no tax be applied to railway materials
Mo’ money, mo’ problems
Van Horne and the CPR would have to come back to the federal government two more times before construction was finished
This bothered tax-paying Canadians who began to feel like this project was too expensive to continue
Riel’s NW Resistance (ironically) buoyed support
Van Horne used the railway to transport soldiers west
Canadians are impressed and morale improves
Settlement of the West
Dominion Lands Act, 1872
Granted 64 hectares of land to any European settler who agreed to move west (for $10)
Set aside land for First Nations reserves
Settlement in Canada’s west was still slow as many preferred the western US
A railway was already established in the US
Free land was offered to new settlers in the US
Drought and grasshoppers plagued the Canadian West in the early 1870’s
For Macdonald’s dream to become a reality, he would first need to isolate the First Nations on to reserves
The federal government then focused their efforts on resolving land claims made by the First Nations
Did so through what would eventually be called the Numbered Treaties
Canada’s Numbered Treaties
Between 1871 and 1877, seven treaties were signed between the Canadian government and the First Nations (four more between 1889 and 1921)
The government gained FN land claims
The FN were promised reserve lands, annual cash payments, schools, farm implements and seeds, and the right to fish, hunt, and trap on Crown lands.
Some FN resisted signing the treaties but as their populations were decimated by disease and the significant reduction of the buffalo herds, they were left with little choice but to work with the government
With the numbered treaties signed, large numbers of settlers head west
