EXAM REVIEW Flashcards
a human-made object, such as a tool, weapon, or piece of jewelry
artifact
a person’s unique way of life, as shown by its tools, customs, arts, and ideas
culture
a member of a biological group including human beings and relate species that walk upright
hominid
a prehistoric period that lasted from about 2,500,000 to 8000 b.c. during which people made use of crude stone tools and weapons- also called the old stone age
paleolithic age
a prehistoric period that began about 8000 b.c. and in some areas ended as early as 3000 b.c. during which people learned to polish stone tools, make pottery, grow crops, and raise animals- also called the new stone age
neolithic age
the ways in which people apply knowledge, tools, and inventions to meet their needs
technology
the biological species to which modern human beings belong
homo sapiens
a member of a group that has no permanent home, wandering from place to place in search of food and water
nomad
a member of a nomadic group whose food supply depends on hunting animals and collecting plant foods
hunter-gatherer
the major change in human life caused by the beginnings of farming- that is, by people’s shift from food gathering to food producing
neolithic revolution
a farming method in which people clear fields by cutting and burning trees and grasses, the ashes of which serve to fertilize the soil
slash-and-burn farming
the taming of animals for human use
domestication
a form of culture characterized by cities, specialized workers, complex institutions, record keeping, and advanced technology
civilization
the development of skills in particular kind of work, such as trading or record keeping
specialization
a skilled worker, such as weaver or a potter, who makes goods by hand
artisan
a long-lasting pattern of organization of a community
institution
one of the professional record keepers in early civilizations
scribe
a system of writing with wedge-shaped symbols, invented by the sumerians around 3000 b.c.
cuneiform
a period in human history, beginning around 3000 b.c. in some areas, during which people began using bronze, rather than copper or stone, to fashion tools and weapons
bronze age
a form of trade in which people exchange goods and services without the use of money
barter
a tiered, pyramid-shaped structure that formed part of a sumerian temple
ziggurat
an arc of rich farmland in southwest asia, between the persian gulf and the mediterranean sea
fertile crescent
the birthplace of civilization
mesopotamia
a city and its surrounding lands functioning as an independent political unit
city-state
a series of rulers from a single family
dynasty
the spreading of ideas or products from one culture to another
cultural diffusion
a belief in many gods
polytheism
a political unit i n which a number of peoples or countries are controlled by a single ruler
empire
a marshy region formed by deposits of silt at the mouth of a river
delta
a king od ancient egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader
pharaoh
a government in which the ruler is viewed as a divine and is controlled by religious leaders
theocracy
a massive structure with a rectangular base and four triangular sides, like those that were built in egypt as burial places for old kingdom pharaohs
pyramid
a process of embalming and drying corpses to prevent them from decaying
mummification
an ancient egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds
hieroglyphic
a tall reed that grows in the nile delta, used by the ancient egyptians to make a paper-like material for writing on
papyrus
a large landmass that forms a distinct part of a continent
subcontinent
a wind that shifts in direction at certain times of each year
monsoon
another name for the indus valley civilization that arose along the indus river, possibly as early as 7000 b.c. characterized by sophisticated city planning
harappan civilization
a group of nomadic people who may have come from the steppes
indo-europeans
dry grasslands that stretched north of the caucasus
steppes
movements of people from one region to another, happened in waves over a long period of time
migration
an indo-european group of people who settled in anatolia around 2000 b.c.
hittites
one of four classes of people in the social system of the aryan’s who settled in india
caste
a great indian epic poe, reflecting the struggles of the aryan’s as they moved south into india
mahabharata
a great indian epic poe, reflecting the struggles of the aryan’s as they moved south into india
mahabharata
the king of macedonia
phillip ll
a kingdom located north of greece. had a rough terrain and a cold climate
macedonia
relating to the civilization, language, art, science and literature of the greek world from the region of alexander the great to the late second century b.c.
hellenistic
seafaring and trading people that lived on the islands od crete from about 2,000-1400 bc
minoans
sea that surrounds island of crede
aegean sea
the minoan capital city
knossos
a king who owned a half human, half bull monster called minotaur
king minos
seafaring people of southwest asia, who around 1100 b,c, began to trade and establish colonies throughout the mediterranean region
phoenicians
an indo-european person who settled on the greek mainland around 2000 b.c.
mycenaean
a war fought around 1200 b.c. in which an army led by mycenaean kings attacked the independent trading city of troy in anatolia
trojan war
a greek-speaking people that, according to tradition, migrated into the mainland greece after the destruction of the mycenaean civilization
dorian
a blind storyman
homer
narrative poems celebrating heroic deeds
epic
traditional stories about their gods
myth
greek city-state – the fundamental political unit of ancient greece after about 750 b.c.
polis
a fortified hilltop in an ancient greek city
acropolis
a government in which power is in the hands of a single person
monarchy
a government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility
aristocracy
a government in which power is in the hands of a few people - especially one in which rule is based upon wealth
oligarchy
in ancient greece, a powerful individual who gained control of a city-state’s government by appealing to the poor for support
tyrant
a government controlled by its citizens, either directly or through representatives
democracy
in the society of ancient sparta, a peasant bound to the land
helot
a military formation of foot soldiers armed with spears and shields
phalanx
a series of wars in the 5th century b.c. in which greek city-states battled the persian empire
persian wars
phillips son, proclaimed himself king of macedonia
alexander the great
persian king defeated by alexander the great
darius lll
a conflict between two political groups within the same country
civil war
a military leader
julius caesar
in ancient rome, a group of 3 leaders sharing control of the government
triumvirate
the most powerful ruler of the mightiest empire of the ancient world
augustus
a period of peace and prosperity throughout the roman empire, lasting from 27 b.c. to a.d. 180
pax romana
a series of 3 wars between rome and carthage; resulted in the destruction of carthage and rome’s dominance over the western mediterranean
punic wars
one of the followers of jesus who preached and spread his teachings
apostle
the dispersal of the jews from their homeland in palestine– especially during the period of more than 1,800 years that followed the romans’ destruction of the temple in jerusalem in a.d. 70
diaspora
a high ranlong christian official who supervises a number of local churches
bishop
the bishop of rome, head of the catholic church
pope
a decline in the value of money, accompained by a rise in the prices of goods and services
inflation
a soldier who is paid to fight in a foreign army
mercenary
roman emperor from 284 to 305
diocletian
capital city of the roman empire, of the byzantine empire, and also of the brief Crusader state known as the latin empire.
constantinople
5th-century leader of the huns who invaded and ravaged europe before finally being slowed down at the battle of the catalaunian plains in gaul.
attila
a period of european history, lasting from about 1300 to 1600, during which renewed interest in classical culture led to far-reaching changes in arts, learning, and views of the world
renaissance
an ancient roman city near modern naples in the campania region of italy
pompeii
roman poet of the augustan period
virgil
a senator and a historian of the roman empire and is considered to be one of the greatest roman historians.
tacitus
an artistic technique that creates the appearance of 3 dimensions on a flat surface
perspective
the everyday language of people in a region or country
vernacular
an imaginary land described by thomas more in his book utopia- hence, an ideal place
utopia
a pardon releasing a person from punishments, due for a sim
indulgence
a member of a protestant church founded on the teachings or martin luther
lutheran
a member of a christian church founded on the principles of the reformation
protestant
a 1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each german state would be decided by its ruler
peace of augsburg
to cancel or put an end to
annul
relating to the church of england
anglican
