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Human Growth > Exam Review > Flashcards

Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

briefly explain Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning

A

ringing a bell, then giving dog a food. after a while the dog begins to salivate at the sound of the bell b/c of its conditioning

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2
Q

true or false

Pavlov’s experiment can be applied to humans as well

A

true

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3
Q

based on Skinner’s Operant Conditioning is the following conclusion true or false?:

if behaviour is followed by a rewarding stimulus, it’s unlikely to recur

A

false

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4
Q

fill in the blanks:

behavioural changes are brought on by rewards and (blank) not thoughts and (blank)

A
  • punishments

- feelings

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5
Q

briefly explain Bandura’s experiment

A

showed children a video or people either hitting or petting a clown doll; when they were put in a room with a clown doll they hit or pet it based on the video they watched

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6
Q

what was Bandura’s conclusion from the experiment

A

that learning is largely a modelling experience and humans will likely practice the observed

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7
Q

what are Galinski’s 6 parental stages?

A
  1. image-making stage (conception-birth)
  2. nurturing stage (birth-24 months)
  3. autonomy stage (2-5 yrs)
  4. interpretive stage (preschool-adolescence)
  5. interdependent stage (during adolescence)
  6. departure stage
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8
Q

true or false:

low birth weight infants and small for date infants are effects/degrees or an umbrella term: preterm infants

A

true

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9
Q

how many weeks is full term pregnancy?:

a. 45-50 weeks
b. 70-80 weeks
c. 30-35 weeks
d. 38-42

A

D: 38-42 weeks

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10
Q

how many weeks before full term are considered preterm infants?

A

3 or more

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11
Q

true or false:
small for date infants are those whose weight is less than normal compared to the length of the pregnancy; more than 40% chance of death

A

true

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12
Q

what weight is a low birth weight baby?

A

weighs less than 6 pounds

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13
Q

what weight is a very low birth weight infant?

A

weighs less than 3 1/2 pounds

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14
Q

what weight is an extremely low birth weight infant?

A

weighs less than 2 pounds

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15
Q

can you shake or drop a baby without any repercussion?

A

no, the fall/shake will create inflammation in the head and will limit brain growth

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16
Q

describe what dendrites are

A

short fibres that extend from the cell body and receive info from other neurons

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17
Q

what are axons?

A

axons carry the message from the cell body to the next neuron and when it splits into filaments it ends with a terminal button

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18
Q

what happens after an axons splits into filaments?

A

serotonin is released which crosses the synaptic gap, passing the message into the next dendrite

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19
Q

what is the myelin sheath?

A

insulates nerve cells and helps nerve impulses move faster

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20
Q

define the term cephalocaudal

A

physical growth of the body that begins at the top (head) and gradually moves downward (feet)

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21
Q

define the term proximodistal

A

physical growth of the body that begins at the center (heart) and moves outwards to the extremities (fingers)

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22
Q

name the different lobes of the brain

A

frontal, occipital, temporal, parietal

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23
Q

what is the frontal lobe responsible for?

A

voluntary movements, thinking, personality and purpose

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24
Q

what is the occipital lobe responsible for?

A

vision

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25
Q

what is the temporal lobe responsible for?

A

hearing, language and memory

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26
Q

what is the parietal lobe responsible for?

A

spatial location, attention and motor control

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27
Q

true or false:

there is such a thing as being a “left” or “right” brain individual

A

false

28
Q

what were some of freud’s major contributions?

A

unconscious, dream analysis, defence mechanisms, 5 psycho-sexual stages of development

29
Q

what was freud’s psychoanalytic theory?

A

the mind is comprised of the unconscious and the conscious. the unconscious has more influence over our behaviour.

30
Q

according to freud what is the unconscious divided into?

A
  1. ID= encourages us to seek satisfaction
  2. Superego= to do moral things
  3. Ego= the mediator; in tune with reality
31
Q

true or false:
some of the relationships we have as children cause frustration and stays with us and may lead to anxiety or obsessiveness

A

true

32
Q

what are the 5 psycho-sexual stages of development?

A
  1. oral (b.-24 months): pleasure centers around mouth
  2. anal (2-6): pleasure centers around anus
  3. phallic (6-11): children discover genital pleasure (Oedipus and electra complex)
  4. latency (12-19): child represses interests in sexuality and develops social and intellectual skills
  5. genital (20s-30s): reawakening of sexual pleasure
33
Q

What are Piaget’s 2 processes that underlie our cognitive construction of the world?

A
  1. Organization: to make sense of the world we organize our experiences into what’s not or is important
  2. Adaptation: adapt our thinking to include new ideas
    - assimilation occurs when an indv’l incorporates new info to their existing info
    - then accommodation occurs when indv’l adjust to new info
34
Q

what are Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development?

A
  1. Sensorimotor (b-2yrs): child operates with primitive symbols
  2. Preoperational (2-7): child represents the world with images, words and drawings
  3. Concrete operational (7-11): child can reason logically and classify objects
  4. Former Operational (11-adulthood): can now think logically, abstractly and idealistically
35
Q

briefly explain Mary Ainsworth’s strange situation expirement

A

to understand attachment with babies, the experiment requires the baby to undergo various intros, separations and reunions with both the caregiver and strangers

36
Q

define securely attached babies

A

babies that use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore

37
Q

define insecure avoidant babies

A

babies that avoid the caregiver and sometimes don’t re-establish contact

38
Q

define insecure resistant babies

A

often cling to caregiver than resist them by fighting

39
Q

define insecure disorganized babies

A

babies that seem dazed, confused, fearful and are disorganized

40
Q

true or false:
researchers have found that parents are more likely to raise their child based on personal characteristics rather than cultural values

A

false: they raise them more based on cultural values

41
Q

how has an increase in immigration caused a clash in culture?

A

immigrants bring their cultural values with them, and this can be conflicting with the new culture they are faced with because children especially may grow up wanting to be a part of their new culture rather than their parents’

42
Q

what is the difference between eastern and western culture?

A
  • eastern parents raise their children to show concern for social harmony ; they have a greater sense of family self and their actions affect their families as well
  • western parents raise their children to think and behave independently
43
Q

define dynamic systems theory

A

children assemble motor skills as a result of facing challenges. ie. wanting a toy across the room pushes them to get up and move to it

44
Q

what are reflexes?

A

built in reactions to stimuli, they are automatic and beyond the newborn’s controls. ie. sucking

45
Q

what are gross motor skills?

A

involve large muscle activities and postural control is required since it links with sensory info that tells us where we are spatially

46
Q

what are fine motor skills?

A

involve more finely tuned movements such as finger dexterity

47
Q

what is a newborn’s vision?

A

20/240

48
Q

what is a baby’s vision by 6 months?

A

20/40

49
Q

what was Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk’s experiment on depth perception?

A

they made a fake cliff that was covered with glass; the babies wouldn’t crawl across the glass but it doesn’t prove whether or not depth perception is innate

50
Q

true or false:

infants prefer to look at pattern displays such as faces and see colour by 4-8 weeks

A

true

51
Q

true or false:

infants can hear from as early as the beginning of the pregnancy

A

false: they can’t hear until the last 2 months

52
Q

briefly explain De Casper and Spence’s hearing experiment

A

16 mothers read the cat in the hat during the last 2 months of pregnancy and after birth 2 stories were read; babies fed differently to the cat in the hat

53
Q

briefly explain Kisilevski et al. experiment

A

60 fetuses were exposed to both their mother’s voice and a strangers; their heart rate increased at the sound of their mother

54
Q

according to harris and booth, is the following true or false?:

newborn’s don’t like salty tastes, but around 4 months this changes

A

true

55
Q

what are the three parenting styles?

A
  1. authoritarian
  2. permissive
  3. authoritative
56
Q

briefly describe authoritarian parenting

A
  • obsessed w/order, control and obedience

- children lack self-esteem, become depressed, risk of sexual promiscuity, drug use and suicide

57
Q

briefly describe permissive parenting

A
  • lack of structure, consistency and safe boundaries

- children lack self-esteem, at risk of complicate psychological problems later

58
Q

briefly describe authoritative parenting

A
  • responsive, control, warmth and encouragement

- children are at low risk b/c they have a healthy relt’p with parents and fosters positive self-esteem

59
Q

briefly describe the observation research method

A
  • scientific observation requires a certain set of skills
  • to be effective, observations must be systematic and structured
  • most observations are conducted in a lab
60
Q

what are some negatives of observing in a lab setting?

A
  • unnatural

- subjects might feel uncomfortable or intimidated which alters the results

61
Q

briefly describe natural observation

A

-observing behaviour in a real world setting, making no manipulations

62
Q

what is correlational studies?

A
  • provides info that will help predict how people will behave
  • goal is to describe the strength of a relt’p b/t 2 or more events
63
Q

what is an example of correlational studies?

A

studying if children with permissive parents have less self-control

64
Q

true or false:
cross sectional approach, longitudinal approach and sequential approach are all different types of time spans of research

A

true

65
Q

briefly explain cross section approach of research

A

a research study in which indv’ls of different ages are compared @ one time

66
Q

briefly explain longitudinal approach

A
  • the same indv’ls are studied over a period of time, usually several years
  • very costly
  • high dropout rate
67
Q

what are the 6 functions of friendship?

A
  1. companionship: one who enjoys spending time w/them
  2. stimulation: interesting info, excitement and amusement
  3. physical support: time, resources and money
  4. ego support: support, encouragement and feedback
  5. social comparison: see where they stand socially
  6. intimacy and affection: provides a trusting, close relt’p w/others

Human Growth (3 decks)

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