Exam Review Flashcards
briefly explain Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning
ringing a bell, then giving dog a food. after a while the dog begins to salivate at the sound of the bell b/c of its conditioning
true or false
Pavlov’s experiment can be applied to humans as well
true
based on Skinner’s Operant Conditioning is the following conclusion true or false?:
if behaviour is followed by a rewarding stimulus, it’s unlikely to recur
false
fill in the blanks:
behavioural changes are brought on by rewards and (blank) not thoughts and (blank)
- punishments
- feelings
briefly explain Bandura’s experiment
showed children a video or people either hitting or petting a clown doll; when they were put in a room with a clown doll they hit or pet it based on the video they watched
what was Bandura’s conclusion from the experiment
that learning is largely a modelling experience and humans will likely practice the observed
what are Galinski’s 6 parental stages?
- image-making stage (conception-birth)
- nurturing stage (birth-24 months)
- autonomy stage (2-5 yrs)
- interpretive stage (preschool-adolescence)
- interdependent stage (during adolescence)
- departure stage
true or false:
low birth weight infants and small for date infants are effects/degrees or an umbrella term: preterm infants
true
how many weeks is full term pregnancy?:
a. 45-50 weeks
b. 70-80 weeks
c. 30-35 weeks
d. 38-42
D: 38-42 weeks
how many weeks before full term are considered preterm infants?
3 or more
true or false:
small for date infants are those whose weight is less than normal compared to the length of the pregnancy; more than 40% chance of death
true
what weight is a low birth weight baby?
weighs less than 6 pounds
what weight is a very low birth weight infant?
weighs less than 3 1/2 pounds
what weight is an extremely low birth weight infant?
weighs less than 2 pounds
can you shake or drop a baby without any repercussion?
no, the fall/shake will create inflammation in the head and will limit brain growth
describe what dendrites are
short fibres that extend from the cell body and receive info from other neurons
what are axons?
axons carry the message from the cell body to the next neuron and when it splits into filaments it ends with a terminal button
what happens after an axons splits into filaments?
serotonin is released which crosses the synaptic gap, passing the message into the next dendrite
what is the myelin sheath?
insulates nerve cells and helps nerve impulses move faster
define the term cephalocaudal
physical growth of the body that begins at the top (head) and gradually moves downward (feet)
define the term proximodistal
physical growth of the body that begins at the center (heart) and moves outwards to the extremities (fingers)
name the different lobes of the brain
frontal, occipital, temporal, parietal
what is the frontal lobe responsible for?
voluntary movements, thinking, personality and purpose
what is the occipital lobe responsible for?
vision
what is the temporal lobe responsible for?
hearing, language and memory
what is the parietal lobe responsible for?
spatial location, attention and motor control
true or false:
there is such a thing as being a “left” or “right” brain individual
false
what were some of freud’s major contributions?
unconscious, dream analysis, defence mechanisms, 5 psycho-sexual stages of development
what was freud’s psychoanalytic theory?
the mind is comprised of the unconscious and the conscious. the unconscious has more influence over our behaviour.
according to freud what is the unconscious divided into?
- ID= encourages us to seek satisfaction
- Superego= to do moral things
- Ego= the mediator; in tune with reality
true or false:
some of the relationships we have as children cause frustration and stays with us and may lead to anxiety or obsessiveness
true
what are the 5 psycho-sexual stages of development?
- oral (b.-24 months): pleasure centers around mouth
- anal (2-6): pleasure centers around anus
- phallic (6-11): children discover genital pleasure (Oedipus and electra complex)
- latency (12-19): child represses interests in sexuality and develops social and intellectual skills
- genital (20s-30s): reawakening of sexual pleasure
What are Piaget’s 2 processes that underlie our cognitive construction of the world?
- Organization: to make sense of the world we organize our experiences into what’s not or is important
- Adaptation: adapt our thinking to include new ideas
- assimilation occurs when an indv’l incorporates new info to their existing info
- then accommodation occurs when indv’l adjust to new info
what are Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development?
- Sensorimotor (b-2yrs): child operates with primitive symbols
- Preoperational (2-7): child represents the world with images, words and drawings
- Concrete operational (7-11): child can reason logically and classify objects
- Former Operational (11-adulthood): can now think logically, abstractly and idealistically
briefly explain Mary Ainsworth’s strange situation expirement
to understand attachment with babies, the experiment requires the baby to undergo various intros, separations and reunions with both the caregiver and strangers
define securely attached babies
babies that use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore
define insecure avoidant babies
babies that avoid the caregiver and sometimes don’t re-establish contact
define insecure resistant babies
often cling to caregiver than resist them by fighting
define insecure disorganized babies
babies that seem dazed, confused, fearful and are disorganized
true or false:
researchers have found that parents are more likely to raise their child based on personal characteristics rather than cultural values
false: they raise them more based on cultural values
how has an increase in immigration caused a clash in culture?
immigrants bring their cultural values with them, and this can be conflicting with the new culture they are faced with because children especially may grow up wanting to be a part of their new culture rather than their parents’
what is the difference between eastern and western culture?
- eastern parents raise their children to show concern for social harmony ; they have a greater sense of family self and their actions affect their families as well
- western parents raise their children to think and behave independently
define dynamic systems theory
children assemble motor skills as a result of facing challenges. ie. wanting a toy across the room pushes them to get up and move to it
what are reflexes?
built in reactions to stimuli, they are automatic and beyond the newborn’s controls. ie. sucking
what are gross motor skills?
involve large muscle activities and postural control is required since it links with sensory info that tells us where we are spatially
what are fine motor skills?
involve more finely tuned movements such as finger dexterity
what is a newborn’s vision?
20/240
what is a baby’s vision by 6 months?
20/40
what was Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk’s experiment on depth perception?
they made a fake cliff that was covered with glass; the babies wouldn’t crawl across the glass but it doesn’t prove whether or not depth perception is innate
true or false:
infants prefer to look at pattern displays such as faces and see colour by 4-8 weeks
true
true or false:
infants can hear from as early as the beginning of the pregnancy
false: they can’t hear until the last 2 months
briefly explain De Casper and Spence’s hearing experiment
16 mothers read the cat in the hat during the last 2 months of pregnancy and after birth 2 stories were read; babies fed differently to the cat in the hat
briefly explain Kisilevski et al. experiment
60 fetuses were exposed to both their mother’s voice and a strangers; their heart rate increased at the sound of their mother
according to harris and booth, is the following true or false?:
newborn’s don’t like salty tastes, but around 4 months this changes
true
what are the three parenting styles?
- authoritarian
- permissive
- authoritative
briefly describe authoritarian parenting
- obsessed w/order, control and obedience
- children lack self-esteem, become depressed, risk of sexual promiscuity, drug use and suicide
briefly describe permissive parenting
- lack of structure, consistency and safe boundaries
- children lack self-esteem, at risk of complicate psychological problems later
briefly describe authoritative parenting
- responsive, control, warmth and encouragement
- children are at low risk b/c they have a healthy relt’p with parents and fosters positive self-esteem
briefly describe the observation research method
- scientific observation requires a certain set of skills
- to be effective, observations must be systematic and structured
- most observations are conducted in a lab
what are some negatives of observing in a lab setting?
- unnatural
- subjects might feel uncomfortable or intimidated which alters the results
briefly describe natural observation
-observing behaviour in a real world setting, making no manipulations
what is correlational studies?
- provides info that will help predict how people will behave
- goal is to describe the strength of a relt’p b/t 2 or more events
what is an example of correlational studies?
studying if children with permissive parents have less self-control
true or false:
cross sectional approach, longitudinal approach and sequential approach are all different types of time spans of research
true
briefly explain cross section approach of research
a research study in which indv’ls of different ages are compared @ one time
briefly explain longitudinal approach
- the same indv’ls are studied over a period of time, usually several years
- very costly
- high dropout rate
what are the 6 functions of friendship?
- companionship: one who enjoys spending time w/them
- stimulation: interesting info, excitement and amusement
- physical support: time, resources and money
- ego support: support, encouragement and feedback
- social comparison: see where they stand socially
- intimacy and affection: provides a trusting, close relt’p w/others
