Exam Review Flashcards
Ventral
The belly or underside of a body
Cranial
Towards the head
Caudal
Towards the tail
Dorsal
Towards the back
Proximal
Closer to the point of attachment (origin) to the body than another structure
Think: proximity
Distal
Farther from the point of attachment to the body than another structure
Think: distance
Cranial cavity
Space in the skull that contains the brain
Spinal cavity
Space within the spinal column that contains the spinal cord
Thoracic (chest) cavity
Space within the ribs b/w the neck and diaphragm that contains the heart & lungs
Abdominal cavity
Space between the diaphragm and pelvic cavity that contains the major organs of digestion
Pelvic cavity
Space that contains sigmoid colon, rectum and anus, urinary bladder and reproductive organs
Serous membrane
- Think, slippery tissue lines the walls of body cavities and covers the organs within them
- Double-layered
Visceral serous membrane
The inner membrane in contact with the organ
Parietal serous membrane
The outer membrane which lines the cavity
What 2 organs are retroperitoneal?
Kidneys and pancreas
Transverse plane
Divides the body into cranial and caudal parts.
AKA horizontal or cross-sectional plane.
Dorsal plane/ coronal plane/ frontal plane
Plane that divides the body into dorsal (back) and ventral (belly) parts.
Sagittal plane
Divides the body into right and left sides
Midsagittal plane
Passes through the midline of the body and divides it into equal right and left sides
What are 4 basic types of tissue?
Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
Epithelial tissue
Covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, body cavities and ducts
Connective tissue
Protects and supports the body and organs. Binds organs together, stores energy reserves as fat and provides immunity
Muscle tissue
Movement and generation of force
Nervous tissue
Action potentials & nerve impulses
Two types of striated muscle?
Skeletal and cardiac
What are the two exceptions of skeletal muscle?
Bladder and diaphragm
T/F: Skeletal muscles contain gap junctions.
False
Describe the cells in smooth muscle.
Within cells actin, myosin, and tropomyosin are present, but troponin is absent.
Where are single unit smooth muscles found?
Hollow organs and vessel walls
Where are multi unit smooth muscles found?
Ciliary bodies in the eye
Peripheral nervous system divides into which two divisions?
Sensory afferent, Motor efferent
Which type of muscles are innervated by the somatic nervous system? A. Cardiac B. Multi smooth C. Single smooth D. Skeletal
Skeletal
The sensory afferent division further splits into?
Somatic sensory and visceral sensory
The motor efferent division further splits into?
Somatic nervous system and Autonomic nervous system
ANS branches into?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
Where do afferent neurons send signals?
To the CNS
What do interneurons do?
Integrate the information
What do efferent neurons do?
Take the information away (sends out the message)
The maintenance of healthy epidermis depends upon 3 processes being synchronized?
- Desquamation (shedding) of keratinized cells from the surface
- Keratinization of cells from the surface
- Continued cell division in the deeper layers with newly formed cells pushed to the surface
What are the 3 main cell types that make up the dermis?
Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells
Fibroblasts
Cells that form connective tissue.
Macrophages
White blood cells that provide vital defense for the body.
Mast cells
Produce histamine and heparin
Systole
Contraction and emptying phase
Diastole
Relaxation and filling phase
Venous return
Volume of blood returned to the atrium (L/min)
Stroke volume
Volume ejected per beat (ml)
Cardiac output
Volume ejected per min (L/min)
Distributing vessels
Arteries
Resistance vessels
Arterioles
Innervated by SNS
Arterioles
Solve for MAP
MAP = 1/3 pulse pressure + diastolic pressure
pulse pressure = systolic – diastolic pressures
Flow (Q) equation
Q = ∆ P / R
3 functions of lymphatic system
Tissue drainage, absorption, immunity
Loose lymphoid tissue
No fixed structure, many lymphocytes
Where is MALT found?
Throughout the GI tract, and the respiratory tract, all systems of the body exposed to the external
environment
Example of nodules
Tonsils
Aggregated Lymphoid Follicles (Peyer’s Patches)
Large collections of lymphoid tissue found in small
intestine protect against swallowed antigens
Lymph node
Oval or bean-shaped organs that lie, often in groups, along the length of lymph vessels
Spleen
Largest lymph organ
Spleen functions
Phagocytosis, store blood and platelets, immune response
Filariasis
Edema of tissue due to blockage of lymph vessels by filarial worms. Also known as elephantiasis
Conducting zone
Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
Respiratory zone
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs
Where does gas exchange take place?
Respiratory zone
Primary bronchus
C-shaped cartilage & smooth muscle
What happens during inspiration?
Diaphragm contracts, ribs move up and out
What happens in the anatomical dead space?
No gas exhange
Cortex
Filtration occurs
Renal medulla
Concentrates urine
Renal pelvis
Collects urine and delivers it to the ureter and bladder
Proximal convoluted tubule
site of reabsorption
Loop of Henle
Concentration of urine
Distal convoluted tubule
Reabsorb Na+ and water to maintain ECF and electrolyte balance
Collecting duct
Collects urine, drains into renal pelvis
Glomerulus
Plasma filtration- glomerular filtration
Urinary filtration rate
filtration rate – reabsorption rate + secretion rate
Filtration
Occurs due to pressure differences
How much glucose is supposed to be in urine normally?
None!
Where does tubular secretion occur?
Convoluted tubules
