Exam Review Flashcards
What Are Maps?
A Map is a representation of earth’s features on a flat surface. Maps use symbols and colors to show what is on the land
What’s On A Map?
Maps usually have a
Title
Legend
Scale
Date of publication
Direction/Compass
Border
Large Scale And Small Scale Maps
Large scale maps show a large amount of detail in a small area.
Small scale maps show a small amount of detail in a large area
Reference Map (General Pupores)
Reference maps use symbols to locate and identify Important landmarks and geographic features. This map includes, Road maps, Political map, Physical map, and Topographic maps.
What are Thematic Maps?
Thematic give very specific information about a place on a specific topic.
What are Physical Maps?
Physical maps use shaded or painted relief to illustrate the major landforms (natural features) of a region, country, or world.
What are Features on a Map?
Maps include many different things those are
Legend
Compass Rose
Title
Latitude and Longitude
What is a Compass Rose?
A compass rose has 4 Cardinal Directions: North, South, East, West. A compass rose also has 12 Ordinal directions: North North East, North East, East North East, East South East, South East, South South East, South South West, South West, West South West, West North West, North West, North North West
What are Lines Of Latitude And Longitude?
The line of Latitude is the horizontal line that goes through the world on a grid and the line of longitude is the vertical line that goes through the world in a grid.
What is Equator And Prime Meridian?
The equator is the imaginary line that runs horizontally through the center of the earth. While the prime Meridian is the Vertical imaginary line that divides the earth. The Prime Meridian does not run through the middle of the earth but runs through the middle of Britain because Britain was the most powerful country in the world when the Prime Meridian was recognized in the late 1800s
Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn
There are two different tropics Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn. The Earth is on a tilt which makes both of the Tropics 23.5°.
Symbols of Canada
The 10 cent coin with bluenose is supposed to symbolize the magnitude and Fishing industry. The $10 bill is supposed to symbolize Viola refusing to leave a whites only area. The $20 bill is supposed to Tribute to Canada’s Sacrifice to Military History. The $100 bill is supposed to contribute to the treatment to Diabetes
Time Zones
Sir Sandford Fleming was the person who created time zones. After getting frustrated at the train stop, after being confused on the time. The world was divided in 1884
There are 6 different time zones. Those are
PT (Pacific Time)
MT (Mountain Time)
CT (Central Time)
ET (Eastern Time)
AT (Atlantic Time)
NW (Newfoundland)
Coat of Arms
A coat of Arms is a symbol that represents a family or person and where they originated from.
Earth as a System
There are 4 spheres
Geosphere
Atmosphere
Biosphere
Hydrosphere
The Geosphere comes from the greek word geo meaning earth. It is about 60 km thick. It is made up of rocky materials.
The Atmosphere comes from greek word atmos meaning air. It is ~480 km thick. It is made up of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and 1% other gasses.
The Biosphere comes from the greek word meaning Bio which is life. It is composed of the parts of earth where life exists.
Hydrosphere comes from the greek word meaning hydro which is water. It is 10-20 km in thickness and 97% is salt water and 3% is fresh water. Which most of it is frozen in glaciers.
Layers of the Earth
The earth has 4 major layers.
Crust
Mantle
Outer Core
Inner Core
Plate tectonics
In 1915 a man named Alfred Wegener who suggested that there was a continental drift. South America and Africa fit together and made one supercontinent called Pangea. He found fossils of the same species around different continents and 200 million years ago pangea started to break up. There are different plates
Diverging Plates (Spreading)
Converging Boundaries (Colliding)
Transforming Plates (Sliding)
Ring of Fire
The ring of Fire is where 75% of the world’s volcanoes are located and 90% of the world’s earthquakes are located. The area is a 25,000 mile line of volcanoes and is on the edge of the pacific ocean.
Tsunamis
A Tsunami is a big wave basically and when it occurs when there is an earthquake underwater and the tide levels recede back and comes with a huge force resulting in a tsunami. The deadliest Tsunami in Canada was Nov 18 1929 in Grand banks Newfoundland and an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.3. The Death toll was 28 and the wave was 13 metres.
Sinkholes
A sinkhole is a hole that happen in the Karst Terrains. Water moves underground and dissolves some certain rocks. This makes the top layer unsafe and comes crashing down forming a sinkhole. There are 3 important reasons why humans make sinkholes worse.
1. Construction
2. Broken Underground Pipes
3. Improper Soil Checking
Landform Regions
A landform is a part of earth’s terrain like Mountains, hills, plains etc. There are 7 landform regions
Western Cordillera
Interior Plains
Canadian Shield
Lowlands
Innuitian Mountains
Appalachian
Great Lake St. Lawrence Lowlands
Landform Region Pt 2
Western Cordillera is home to the rocky mountains. The Interior Plains was once a giant sea bed between the Canadian Shield and the Rocky Mountains. It’s the perfect place to grow wheat and crops. The Canadian shield is the largest region in Canada and it is the nucleus of the N.A continent. There it lies the oldest rocks. Shale and Limestone, Gneiss.
Canadian Industries
There are different industries those are Trees, Oil, Minerals, Fish, Wheat. There are 3 different ways of harvesting Canada’s forests.
Clear Cut
Selective Cut
Shelterwood Cut
Clear Cut: Remove all of the trees in one area and in one operation. It leaves a barren landscape.
Selective Cut: Harvesting only the big trees so the small ones can grow.
Shelterwood: Clearing only part of the forest and letting the white pine regenerate more trees.
Fishing Industry
In 1980 the government fishers were catching smaller and less fish. So they decided to limit the amount of fish caught. The government thought that the cod population would go back up in 5-7 years. There are 5 major reasons for this crisis.
Overfishing
Improved fishing technology
Uncontrolled foreign fishing
Destructive Fishing Practices
Changes in Natural Conditions
On the east coast is Cod and On the west coast is Salmon
Mining Industry
Minerals are naturally occurring non- living substances found in rocks. There are different types of minerals.
Metallic Minerals
Fossil Fuels
Industrial Minerals
Metallic Minerals are metals like Sliver, Gold Bronze etc.
Fossil Fuels are minerals that release energy when burned they include Coal, Oil, Natural gas, Oil sands.
Industrial Minerals are minerals that are mined but do not go into the other categories.
Asbestos, Diamonds, Potash etc.
There are 3 different ways of mining: Strip mining, Open pit mining and Underground Mining
Climate Graphs
Climate and weather are not the same. Climate is a long term pattern of weather and Weather is the day to day characteristics of the atmosphere.
Climate and weather both have:
Precipitation
Temperature
To calculate the average temperature add all of the months temps and divide them by the number of months. Make the Rain BLUE and the Temperature RED. The x axis goes on both the left and right side of the bar graph
LOWERN
So there is this word LOWERN which stands for
Latitude
Ocean Currents
Wind and air masses
Elevation
Relief
Near Water
Latitude is the hottest because it is getting direct light from the sun.
Ocean currents are affected by the warm or cold air going over it.
Wind and Air masses originally from the ocean have more water in them so as the move they drop more water.
Elevation is the higher you go the more colder it gets.
Relief mountains and water play a huge role in how much it rains
Near water is the continental climate Moderates temperature but also can give a lot of snow.
There is also a panamanian called Lake effects snow where when it rains the cold wind makes it so the water freezes and goes into a cloud creating snow or hail.
Human Geography
There are 14 parts to human geography.
Climate
Ethnicity
Events
Communications
Economy
Water Supply
Religion
Health
Demographics
Education
Language
Land
Politics
Transportation
