Exam review #1

Question 1

ligand gated ion channels

Answer 1

neurotransmission, cardiac or muscle contraction

EX: stimulation of the nicotinic receptor by acetylcholine results in sodium influx and potassium outflow generating and action potential in a neuron or contraction in skeletal muscle

voltage gated ion channels may possess ligand binding sites that can regulate channel function

EX: local anesthetics bind to voltage-gated sodium channel, inhibiting sodium influx and decreasing neuronal conduction

Question 2

G protein-coupled receptors

Answer 2

three protein subunits
a subunit, B, and Y (gamma)

inotropes go through G protein-coupled receptor

Question 3

Dose-response curve

Answer 3

if drug is more potent, you would need less

the smaller the dose, the higher the potency is

oral medication, the potency goes down rather than the same medication in an IV which potency is higher

Question 4

Naloxone

Answer 4

is a competitive anagonist of the opiod receptor

Question 5

Bioavailability of an agent is maximal when the drug has which of the following qualities?

Answer 5

Bioavailability – you need something to absorb medication
IV, Sublingual, Inhalation or nasal,
Oral liquid pills acts faster than solid pills

Question 6

An agent is noted to have a very low calculated volume of distribution (Vd). Which of the following is the best explanation?

Answer 6

Stays in intravascular space, would be quicker bc it stays vascular, cannot be delivered to tissues, GETS ELIMINATED FASTER. Would have to give it more often

Question 7

What describes the first-pass effect?

Answer 7

Drug gets metabolized by the liver to pass this you would use iv or sublingual

Question 8

A 25-year-old medical student is given a prescription for asthma, which the physician states has a very high therapeutic index. Which of the statements best characterizes the drug as it relates to the therapeutic index?

Answer 8

Therapeutic index is a safety territory, high therapeutic index there is less of a risk to get to a toxic dose, much more difficult to mess it up

Narrow therapeutic index, have to monitor labs, albumin and many other things, more of a risk of giving a toxic dose.

Question 9

therapeutic indexes

Answer 9

therapeutic index is a safety territory

high therapeutic index there is less of a risk to get to a toxic dose, much more difficult to mess it up

Narrow therapeutic index, have to monitor labs, albumin and many other things, more of a risk of giving a toxic dose.

Question 10

A drug M is injected IV into a laboratory subject. It is noted to have high serum protein binding. Which of the following is most likely to be increased as a result?

Answer 10

If it gets attached to albumin, it stays in your system longer

it gets cleared faster if its low volume

Question 11

A bolus of drug K is given IV. The drug is noted to follow first-order kinetics. Which of the following describes the elimination of drug K?

Answer 11

The elimination is proportional
The more concentration the more your body excretes

First order kinetics – concentration = elimination

Question 12

Pulmonary vasodilators –> nitric oxide

Answer 12

Lowers the blood pressure

nitric oxide–> it is inhaled
used on LVAD patients?
Afterload is super low, after surgery

Question 13

why do we need nitric oxide?

Answer 13

can treat hypertension