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Social Psychology > Exam review #1 > Flashcards

Exam review #1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define social psychology?

A

study of how individuals think, feel and behave in regard to people, and how individuals thoughts, feelings and behaviors are affected by people

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2
Q

How does social psychology differ from sociology?

A

Social Psych= individual level

sociology= Group level

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3
Q

Whats a theory? How is it evaluated (3 criteria)?

A

An organized set of principles used to explain observed phenomena.
Evaluated: simplicity, comprehensiveness, generativity

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4
Q

Whats a hypothesis?

A

Testable prediction about the conditions under which an event will occur (If this happens, then that will happen)

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5
Q

How does applied research differ from basic research?

A 
Applied= to find solutions to practical problems
Basic= to test a specific hypothesis from a specific theory
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6
Q

Conceptual vs. operational variables?

A 
Conceptual= general form 
Operational= way to measure conceptual variable

EX: “Intoxication” “measured with breathalyzer”

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7
Q

Experimental design?

A

Determines cause&effect relationships (does independent variable cause change in dependent variable) (either experimenter has control over events or participants are randomly assigned to conditions)

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8
Q

Correlation design?

A

Represents strength of the relationship between two variables (positive, negative, or no correlation)

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9
Q

Random sampling vs. random assignment?

A

R sampling= select random participants to be used in study

R assignment= assigning participants (who are already in study) to random conditions in study

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10
Q

Define independent and dependent variable?

A 
IndependentV= variable expected to cause outcome (can be controlled or manipulated)
dependentV= variable affected by independentV (relies on independentV, no control)
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11
Q

Mundane vs. experimental realism?

A 
Mundane= Degree to which experimental situation resembles places and events in real world
Experimental= Degree to which experiment makes participants behave naturally
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12
Q

What are the ABC’s of the self?

A 
Affect= self-esteem 
Behavior= self-presentation 
Cognition= self-concept
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13
Q

Self-concept?

A

sum total of an individual’s beliefs about their own personal attributes

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14
Q

self-schema?

A

Belief people hold about themselves that guides the processing of self-relevant info (EX: wrestlers are schematic with respect to weight)

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15
Q

Cocktail Party Effect?

A

tendency for people to pick out personally relevant stimulus, like your name across a noisy room

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16
Q

Sources of self-concept? (5)

A
  1. Introspection
  2. Perceptions of our own behavior
  3. Other people
  4. Autobiographical memories
  5. Culture
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17
Q

Intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation? Overjustification Effect?

A

In= Inner motivation for personal benefit (challenge, enjoyment)
Ex= External factors for motivation (money, grades)
OJ Effect= Tendency for In-motivation to diminish when Ex-motivation is added to an activity

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18
Q

Facial Feedback Hypothesis?

A

Hypothesis that if you change facial expression, then your mood will correspondingly change

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19
Q

Individualistic vs. collectivistic cultures?

A

Indi= Personal goals come before group goals
(wrestling: my match > dual)
Coll= Group goals come before personal goals
(football: win game > my stats)

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20
Q

Self-Discrepancy Theory?

A

Self-esteem reflects the match/mismatch between how we see ourselves and how we WANT to see ourselves

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21
Q

Self-Awareness Theory?

A

Theory that self-focused attention leads people to notice self-discrepancies, thereby motivating either an escape from self-awareness or a change in behavior

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22
Q

Terror Management Theory?

A

Theory that humans cope with the fear of their own death by constructing worldwide views that help to preserve their self-esteem

23
Q

Private vs. public self-consciousness?

A 
Private= Tendency to focus on inner thoughts and feelings
Public= Tendency to focus on outer public image
24
Q

Self-regulation?

A

When people control their thoughts, feelings, and behavior to achieve a personal or social goal

25
Q

Ironic Processes?

A

Becoming so self-focused that pressure makes you stiffen up (athlete “choking”)

26
Q

Self-Handicapping?

A

Behaviors designed to sabotage one’s own performance in order to provide an excuse for failure

27
Q

Self-serving cognitions?

Basking in Reflective Glory (BIRG) vs. Downward Social Comparison?

A 
SSC= People tend to take credit for success and distnce themselves from failure
BIRG= Associating with successful people to increase your own self-esteem
DSC= Defensive tendency to compare ourselves with others who are worse off than us
28
Q

Self-presentation?

A

Strategies people use to shape what others think of them

29
Q

Self-verification? Self-monitoring? Ingratiation? Self-promotion?

A

SV= Desire to have others perceive us as we truly perceive ourselves
SM= Tendency to regulate one’s own behavior to meet the demands of the situation
Ingr=Acts motivated by the desire to get along with others and be liked
SP= Acts motivated by the desire to get ahead and gain respect

30
Q

Social perception?

A

General term for the process by which people come to understand one another

31
Q

Attribution Theory?

Personal vs. situational attribution?

A

Att theory=Group of theories that describe how people explain the causes of behavior
Pers= Internal factors (ability, mood, effort)
Sit= External factors (task, other people, luck)

32
Q

Covariation principle?

A

Principle of attribution theory that says that people attribute behavior to factors that are present when a behavior occurs and are absent when it does not

33
Q

Parts of Kelly’s Covariation Theory? (3)

A
  1. Consensus
  2. Consistency
  3. Distinctiveness
34
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)?

A

Tendency to overestimate the extent to which people’s behavior is due to internal factors, and to underestimate the role of situational factors

35
Q

Availability Heuristic?

A

Tendency to estimate the odds that an event will occur by how easily instances of it pop to mind

36
Q

False-Consensus Effect?

A

Tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share my opinions, attributes, and behaviors

37
Q

Counterfactual Thinking?

A

Tendency to be influenced by made-up alternative outcomes

38
Q

Base-Rate Fallacy?

A

People are relatively insensitive to consensus information presented in the form of numerical base rates (EX: scared to fly even though “statistics” say it’s safer than driving)

39
Q

Actor-Observer Bias?

A

Tendency to see other people’s behavior as personally caused, while focusing on the role of the situational factors in explaining one’s own behavior

40
Q

Self-Serving Attribution Bias?

A

Tendency to take personal credit for our success (internal attribution) but blame the situation (external attribution) for our failures

41
Q

Functions of nonverbal cues? (4)

A
  1. Expressing emotion
  2. Conveying attitudes
  3. Communicating one’s personality traits
  4. Facilitating verbal communication to convey “I’m finished talking”
42
Q

Priming?

A

Tendency for recently used words to come to mind easily and influence the interpretation of new information

43
Q

Primacy Effect?

A

Tendency for information presented early in a sequence to have more impact on impressions than information presented later

44
Q

Implicit Personality Theory?

A

Network of assumptions people make about the relationships among traits and behaviors

45
Q

Central traits?

A

Traits that exert a powerful influence on overall impressions

46
Q

Confirmation Bias?

A

Tendency to seek, interpret, and create information that verifies existing beliefs

47
Q

Belief Perseverance?

A

Tendency to maintain beliefs even after they have been discredited

48
Q

Social Categorization?

A

Classification of persons into groups on the basis of common attributes

49
Q

Outgroup Homogeneity?

A

Tendency to assume that there is greater similarity among members of outgroups than among members of ingroups

50
Q

Realistic Conflict Theory? (Competition Based Prejudice)

A

Theory that hostility between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources

51
Q

Illusory Correlation?

A

An overestimate of the association between variables that are only slightly or not at all correlated

52
Q

Jigsaw Classroom?

A

Cooperative learning method used to reduce racial prejudice through interaction in group efforts

53
Q

How do you measure Implicit Prejudice? (3 ways)

A
  1. Implicit Association Test (IAT)
  2. Bona Fide Pipeline
  3. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (FMRI)

Social Psychology (6 decks)

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