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Social Psychology > #3 Exam (book terms) > Flashcards

#3 Exam (book terms) Flashcards

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1
Q

Need for Affiliation?

A

Desire to establish and maintain many rewarding interpersonal relationships

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2
Q

Loneliness?

A

Feeling of deprivation about existing social relations

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3
Q

Mere Exposure effect?

A

Phenomenon whereby the more often people are exposed to a stimulus, the more positively they evaluate that stimulus

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4
Q

What-is-beautiful-is-good stereotype?

A

Belief that physically attractive individuals also possess desirable personality characteristics

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5
Q

Matching Hypothesis?

A

Proposition that people are attracted to others who are similar in physical attractiveness

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6
Q

Reciprocity?

A

Mutual exchange between what we give and receive

-EX: Liking those who like us

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7
Q

Hard-to-get effect?

A

Tendency to prefer people who are highly selective in their social choices over those who are more readily available

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8
Q

Intimate Relationship?

A

Close relationship between two adults involving emotional attachment, fulfillment of psychological needs, or interdependence

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9
Q

Social Exchange Theory?

A

Perspective that views people as motivated to maximize benefits and minimize costs in their relationships with others

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10
Q

Equity Theory?

A

Theory that people are most satisfied with a relationship when the ratio between benefits and contributions is similar for both partners

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11
Q

Exchange relationship?

A

Relationship in which the participants expect and desire strict reciprocity in their interactions

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12
Q

Communal Relationship?

A

Relationship in which the participants expect and desire mutual responsiveness to each other’s needs

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13
Q

Attachment Style?

A

Way a person typically interacts with significant others

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14
Q

Triangular Theory of Love?

A

Theory proposing that love has three basic components:
-Intimacy
-Passion
-Commitment
that can be combined to produce eight subtypes

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15
Q

Passionate Love?

A

Romantic love characterized by high arousal, intense attraction, and fear of rejection

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16
Q

Companionate Love?

A

Secure, trusting, stable partnership

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17
Q

Excitation Transfer?

A

Process whereby arousal caused by one stimulus is added to arousal from a second stimulus and the combined arousal is attributed to the second stimulus

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18
Q

Self-disclosure?

A

Revelations about the self that a person makes to others

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19
Q

Sexual Orientation?

A

Person’s preference for members of the same sex (homo), opposite sex (hetero), or both sexes (bi)

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20
Q

Prosocial Behaviors?

A

Actions intended to benefit others

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21
Q

Kin Selection?

A

Preferential helping of genetic relatives, which results in the greater likelihood that genes held in common will survive

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22
Q

Empathy?

A

Understanding or vicariously experiencing another individual’s perspective and feeling sympathy and compassion for that individual

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23
Q

Arousal: cost-reward model?

A

Proposition that people react to emergency situations by acting in the most cost-effective way to reduce the arousal of shock and alarm

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24
Q

Negative state relief model?

A

Proposition that people help others in order to counteract their own feelings of sadness

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25
Q

Egoistic?

A

Motivated by the desire to increase one’s own welfare

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26
Q

Altruistic?

A

Motivated by the desire to improve another’s welfare

27
Q

Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis?

A

Proposition that empathic concern for a person in need produces an altruistic motive for helping

28
Q

Bystander effect?

A

Effect whereby the presence of others inhibits helping

29
Q

Pluralistic Ignorance?

A

State in which people in a group mistakenly think that their own individual thoughts, feelings, or behaviors are different from those of the others in the group

30
Q

Diffusion of Responsibility?

A

Belief that others will or should take the responsibility for providing assistance to a person in need

31
Q

Audience Inhibition?

A

Reluctance to help for fear of making a bad impression on observers

32
Q

Social Norm?

A

General rule of conduct reflecting standards of social approval and disapproval

33
Q

Aggression?

A

Behavior intended to harm another individual

34
Q

Proactive (Instrumental) Aggression?

A

Aggressive behavior whereby harm is inflicted as a means to a desired end (also called instrumental aggression)
-EX: mercenaries

35
Q

Reactive (emotional) Aggression?

A

Aggressive behavior where the means and the end coincide; harm is inflicted for its own sake
-EX: bullying

36
Q

Social Learning Theory?

A

Theory that behavior is learned through the observation of others as well as through the direct experience of rewards and punishments

37
Q

Cycle of Violence?

A

Transmission of domestic violence across generations

38
Q

Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis?

A

The idea that:

1) Frustration always elicits the motive to aggress
2) All aggression is caused by frustration

39
Q

Displacement?

A

Aggressing against a substitute target because aggressive acts against the source of the frustration are inhibited by fear or lack of access

40
Q

Catharsis?

A

Reduction of the motive to aggress that is said to result from any imagined, observed, or actual acts of aggression

41
Q

Weapons Effect?

A

Tendency that the likelihood of aggression will increase by the mere presence of weapons

42
Q

Hostile Attribution Bias?

A

Tendency to perceive hostile intent in others

43
Q

Rumination?

A

In the context of aggression, rumination involves repeatedly thinking about and reliving an anger-induced event, focusing on angry thoughts and feelings, and perhaps even planning or imagining revenge

44
Q

Desensitization?

A

Reduction in emotion-related physiological reactivity in response to a stimulus

45
Q

Cultivation?

A

Process by which the mass media (particularly TV) construct a version of social reality for the public

46
Q

Pornography?

A

Explicit sexual material

47
Q

Weapon-focus effect?

A

Tendency for the presence of a weapon to draw attention and impair a witness’s ability to identify the culprit

48
Q

Own-Race Identification Bias?

A

Tendency for people to be more accurate at recognizing members of their own racial group than of other groups

49
Q

Misinformation effect?

A

Tendency for false post-event misinformation to become integrated into people’s memory of an event

50
Q

Polygraph?

A

Mechanical instrument that records physiological arousal from multiple channels; it is often used as a lie-detector test

51
Q

Voir Dire?

A

Pretrial examination of prospective jurors by the judge or opposing lawyers to uncover signs of bias

52
Q

Peremptory Challenge?

A

Means by which lawyers can exclude a limited number of prospective jurors without the judge’s approval

53
Q

Scientific Jury Selection?

A

Method of selecting juries through surveys that yield correlations between demographics a trial-relevant attitudes

54
Q

Death Qualification?

A

Jury-selection procedure used in capital cases that permits judges to exclude prospective jurors who say they would not vote for the death penalty

55
Q

Jury Nullification?

A

Jury’s power to disregard, or “nullify,” the law when it conflicts with personal conceptions of justice

56
Q

Leniency Bias?

A

Tendency for jury deliberation to produce a tilt towards acquittal

57
Q

Sentencing Disparity?

A

Inconsistency of sentences for the same offense from one judge to another

58
Q

Adversarial Model?

A

Dispute resolution system in which the prosecution and defense present opposing sides of the story

59
Q

Inquisitorial Model?

A

Dispute resolution system in which a neutral investigator gather evidence from both sides and presents the findings in court

60
Q

Empathic Joy?

A

The pleasure one has at seeing another person experience relief

61
Q

Courageous Resistance?

A

Sustained and deliberate helping, which may lead to enormous costs
-EX: hiding jews during the Holocaust

62
Q

Moral hypocrisy?

A

People try to convince others that they are driven to help others when they really have selfish reasons

63
Q

Overhelping?

A

helping someone who doesn’t need help for personal gain

Social Psychology (6 decks)

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