#3 Exam (Review sheet)

Question 1

Two effects from familiarity?

Answer 1

• Proximity effect

- Mere exposure effect

Question 2

How does “Self-fulfilling prophecy” relate to “What-is-beautiful-is-good”?

Answer 2

S.F.P. eventually causes an attractive person’s characteristics to become desirable

Question 3

Attachment Styles? (3) How do they form?

Answer 3

–Secure –Avoidant –Anxious
Infant attachments form with primary caretaker. Secure attachment styles lead to the most satisfying romantic relationships

Question 4

Communal-exchange relationship?

Answer 4

Partner’s responding to each other’s needs/well-being without regard to previously given/received benefits

Question 5

Parts of triangular love theory(3)? What does each part mean?

Answer 5

1) Intimacy- emotional component involving feelings of closeness
2) Passion- Motivational component involving triggers toward attraction/romance/sexual desire
3) Commitment- cognitive component involving long term commitment

Question 6

Explain excitation transfer in regards to “love on a bridge”?

Answer 6

Unstable bridge is what caused high heartbeat of participants (1st stimulus). Men then greet an attractive female(2nd stimulus) after crossing bridge. Participants interpret that arousal was ONLY caused by the attractive female.

Question 7

How does helping others create benefits for the helper?

Answer 7

• Makes the helper feel good and can relieve negative feelings such as guilt
• However longer-term & high-risk helping can actually cause harm to the helper

Question 8

Costs of not helping?

Answer 8

Some laws such as “good samaritan” or “duty to rescue” require bystanders to assist in emergencies (as long as they do not risk endangering themselves in the process)

Question 9

5 steps to helping in an emergency?

Answer 9

1) Notice that something is happening
2) Realize that it’s an emergency
3) Take responsibility to provide help
4) Decide how to help
5) Provide help

Question 10

Egoistic vs. Altruistic motives?

Answer 10

• egoistic motive- help should decline when escape from the situation is easy
• altruistic motive- help is given regardless of ease of escape.

Question 11

Story of Kitty Genovese? (Bystander effect)

Answer 11

Attacked 3 separate times by same killer
38 people saw or heard her cries for help
By the time someone called police, Kitty was dead
-pluralistic ignorance
-diffusion of responsibility
-audience inhibition

Question 12

How does time pressure affect helpfulness?

Answer 12

People that are late/in a hurry are less likely to assist someone in need

Question 13

How does location & culture affect helpfulness?

Answer 13

Greater population density and higher cost of living are both factors that lead to less helpfulness

Question 14

How does mood affect helpfulness?

Answer 14

• Good mood- more helpful
• bad mood(guilty)- more helpful
• bad mood(blame others)- less helpful

Question 15

Prosocial Media Effects?

Answer 15

Prosocial videogames & TV can both lead to an increase in prosocial behavior

Question 16

How do role models & social norms affect helpfulness?

Answer 16

Behavior is learned from directly observable activity (social learning theory), along with the perception of what is socially acceptable/unacceptable (norms)

Question 17

Types of social norms?

Answer 17

• -N of reciprocity- pay back those that give to me
• -N of equity- people with extra benefits should help the one with less
• -N of social responsibility- ANYONE should provide assistance to ANYONE that needs help
• -Justice of fairness- help the people in need, but only if they’ve earned it and deserve help

Question 18

When Is Receiving Help Perceived as Threatening?

Answer 18

• -Those with high self-esteem tend to react more negatively than those with low self-esteem.
• -Being helped by a similar other may imply that recipient is inferior.
• -Help from a significant other on an ego-relevant task can threaten one’s self-esteem

Question 19

Gender norms in regards to helpfulness?

Answer 19

• Men are more likely to help strangers
• women are more likely to assist friends
• men are less likely to seek out assistance

Question 20

Why are people so aggressive?

Instinct vs. Evolutionary?

Answer 20

• -Instinct (Freud)- death instinct is turned outward at others
• -Evolutionary (Darwin)- genetic survival