EXAM QUESTIONS: MIDTERM 1 Flashcards
Nuclei of the cerebellum:
1) Dentate
2) Fastigial
3) Emboliform
4) Globose
Lateral ventricle
Anterior horn/ FRONTAL HORN
Lies rostrally to interventricular foramen.
Lateral wall: Head of caudate nucleus.
Medial wall: septum pellucidum
Floor – Anterior – Roof: radiation of corpus callosum (rostrum, genu and body)
Body
Roof: corpus callosum
Floor: dorsal aspect of thalamas covered by lamina affixa. Lateral: body of caudate nucleus.
Medial: choroid lamina epithelialis (ependymal cells).
Posterior horn
Lateral: tapetum of corpus callosum
Medial wall: calcar avis
Other walls are formed by the white matter of the occipital lobe.
Inferior horn/TEMPORAL
Floor: hippocampus
Roof. Tapetum
Medial: tail of caudate nucleus and stria terminalis
Third ventricle:
Lateral: thalamus, hypothalamus.
“ Roof: Ependymal layer (chroroid lamina epithelialis)
“ Floor: hypothalamus, optic chiasm, infundibulum, mamillary bodies and subthalamus.
“ Anterior: anterior commissure, columns of fornix and lamina terminalis.
“ Posterior: habenular comissure and posterior commissure.
Fourth ventricle
” Roof: superior medullary velum, inferior medulalry velum, nodule of the cerebellum and the tela choroidea.
“ Floor: rhomboid fossa.
**Ependymal layer originates from the roof plate of the neural tube.
Through the lateral foramen of Luschka the flower basket of Bochdalek protrude into the subarachnoud space. Pineal body has pinealocytes, which synthetize serotonin (growth hormone) and melatonin (sleep hormone).
Attachments of the spinal cord:
” Denticulate ligament (21) (continuation of pia mater)
“ Filum terminale
“ Spinal nerve roots
***Cervical intumescence (enlargement): C5 – T1, brachial plexus. Lumbar intumescence: L2 – S4, lumbosacral plexus.
Average length: 45cm. Terminates at conus medullaris (L1 – L2)
Arterial supply of the spinal cord:
” Ant. spinal artery
“ Post. spinal arteries
“ Segmental arteries
Venous drainage of the spinal cord:
” Internal vertebral plexus of Batson (valveless venous system) (bidirectional flow).
Paired cistern:
Lateral pontine cistern,
ambient cistern,
crural cistern,
carotic cistern.
Unpaired cistern:
Cisterna magna,
median pontine cistern, interpeduncular cistern, chiasmatic cistern,
cistern of lamina terminalis, supracallosal cistern
cistern of great cerebral vein.
**Neural tube cranial to 4th pair of somites develops into the brain.
Brain flexures:
” Midbrain flexure
“ Pontine flexure
“ Cervical flexure
*Basal plate!GSE, SVE, GVE. (motor area)
Alar plate!GVA, SVA, GSA, SSA, olivary nucleus. (sensory area)
The cerebellum develops from thickenings of the dorsal parts of the alar plates.
Sulcus limitans divide the basal plate and alar plate.
BASAL PLATE
GSE
SVE
GVE (MOTOR AREA)
ALAR PLATE
GVA SVA GSA SSA OLIVARY NUCLEUS ( SENSORY AREA)
Pituitary gland is ectodermal in origin:
” Adenohypophysis: upgrowth from the ectodermal roof of the stomadeum (glandular part). Rathke ́s pouch.
“ Neurohypophysis: downgrowth from the neuroectoderm of the diencephalon (neural part).
Derivatives of neural crest:
” PNS (spinal sensory and autonomic ganglia, parts of ganglia of CN., Schwann cells and leptomeninx).
“ Medulla of suprarenal gland.
“ Melanocytes (pigment cells of the skin).
“ Skeletal and muscular components of the head.
Recesses of 3rd ventricle
Recesses of 3rd ventricle " Suprapineal recess " Pineal recess " Triangular recess " Optic recess " Infundibular recess
Tela choroidea:
” Choroid lamina epithelialis
“ Pia mater
Hemi-decussation in the optic chiasm:
” Nasal fibers decussate and temporal fibers remain ipsilateral (same side).
Content of cavernous sinus:
" Oculomotor nerve " Throchlear nerve " Opthalmic nerve " Abducent nerve (medial wall) " Maxillary nerve " Internal carotid artery (medial wall)
Connections of cavernous sinus:
” Ant./Post. intercavernous sinuses
“ Sphenopalatine sinus
“ Superior opthalmic vein
“ Inf./Sup. Petrosal vein
At the confluence of sinuses 5 sinuses meets:
” Superior sagittal sinus
“ Straight sinus
“ Occipital sinus
“ Transverse sinus
Internal cerebral vein is formed by:
” Septum pellucidum vein
“ Thalamostriate vein
“ Choroidal vein
“ Later becomes great cerebral vein (+basal vein of Rosenthal) and joins the straight sinus.
Epithalumus:
” Pineal body
“ Habenular nuclei
Metathalamus:
” Med./Lat. geniculate body.
Hypothalamus:
” Optic chiasm
“ Infundibulum
“ Tuber cinerum
“ Mamillary body
BLOOD SUPPLY TO caudate nucleus and internal capsule?
Lenticulostriate arteries (+thalamostriate) branch off the middle cerebral artery and supplies the caudate nucleus and internal capsule.
Meningeal blood supply:
” Anterior meningeal artery – anterior ethmoidal artery.
“ Middle meningeal artery – maxillary artery.
“ Posterior meningeal artery – ascending pharyngeal artery.
Meningeal innervation:
” Anterior – anterior ethmoidal nerve (nasociliary branch of ophtalmic nerve).
“ Middle – recurrent meningeal branches of V/2 and V/3.
“ Posterior – recurrent meningeal branch of vagus nerve.
Parts of the dura mater:
" Falci major " Falci minor " Tentorium cerebelli " Sellae diaphragm " Dural cavity of Meckel (ggl. of Gasser).
Blood – brain barrier:
” Endothelium
“ Basal membrane
“ Pericyte
“ Astrocyte
Hippocampal formation:
” Amor ́s horn (pes, alveus, fimbria).
“ Dentate gyrus.
“ Subbicular area.
*** Glomus choroideum is an enlargement of choroid plexus.
Ventral primary ramus innervates the ventral muscles, skin of the trunk, extremities and visceral organs. Substantia niagra contains melanin pigment granules. Melanin is the side product in the synthesis of dopamine.
GLOMUS CHOROIDEUM
ENLARGEMENT OF CHOROID PLEXUS IN THE INFERIOR HORN
VENTRAL PRIMARY RAMUS
INNERVATES VENTRAL MUSCLES
SKIN OF TRUNK
EXTREMETIES AND VISCERAL ORGANS
SUBSTANTIA NIGRA
MELANIN PIGENTS
DOPAMINE RECEPTORS
** PARKINSONS DISEASE
Layers of the cerebellar cortex:
” Molecular layer
“ Purkinje cell layer
“ Granular cell layer
Climbing fibers: aspartate is the neurotransmitter.
Serotonin: raphe nuclei (medial portion of the reticular formation). Noradrenalin: locus ceruleus.
Histamine: hypothalamus.
Dopaminergic: substantia niagra.
MOSSY FIBERS
glutamate is the neurotransmitter.
Climbing fibers
Climbing fibers: aspartate is the neurotransmitter.
Serotonin:
raphe nuclei (medial portion of the reticular formation). Noradrenalin: locus ceruleus.
Histamine
Histamine: hypothalamus.
Major components of the basal ganglia:
” Caudate nucleus
“ Putamen
“ Globus pallidus
“ Subthalamic nucleus of Luys (reciprocal connection with the globus pallidus.
“ Amygdala
“ Claustrum
“ Nucleus accumbens (Brodmann 34, addiction).
Layers of the ammons horn:
" Stratum molecularis " Stratum lacunosum " Stratum radiatum " Stratum pyrimidale " Stratum oriens " Alveus
Layers of the neocortex:
- Molecular layer
- Outer granular layer
- Outer pyramidal layer (corticocortical connections)
- Inner granular layer (sensory termination (stellate neurons))
- Inner pydamidal layer (thick in motor cortical areas)
- Plexiform layer
Important cortical areas (total 52):
” Brodmann area 4: primary motor area. Agranular, absent or very thin II and IV.
“ Brodmann area 44, 45: Broca ́s motor speech area.
“ Brodmann area 43: Gustatory cortical area, insula.
“ Brodmann area 3, 1, 2: Primary somatosensory area.
“ Brodmann area 17: primary visual cortex, calcarine sulcus.
“ Brodmann area 41, 42: primary auditory cortex.
“ Brodmann area 22: Wernicke ́s area, understanding of written and spoken language.
Astrocytes:
” Protoplasmic astrocyte (located in the gray matter).
“ Fibrous astrocyte (located in the white matter).
Extrapyramidal system:
" Basal ganglia " Cerebellar nuclei " VA and VL nuclei of the thalamus " Subthalamus " Vestibular nuclei " Reticular formation
