Exam Questions Flashcards by Allan Haydenerd

In what part of the cell does glycolysis occur?

Cytosol

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Name the end product if glycolysis.

Pyruvic acid

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Comment on the amount of energy produced as a result of glycolysis.

Small amount of energy produced in the form 2 ATP per glucose molecule

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Some cells contain large numbers of mitochondria. What does this indicate?

It is very active

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Suggest one type of cell that you would expect to have few mitochondria present.

Fat cells

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Suggest an advantage to the cell of using ATP as an energy source, instead of breaking down a sugar molecule Evey time energy is needed.
4 possible answers

ATP releases energy in suitable quantities
ATP is immediately available
ATP can be recycled easily
ATP is easily released

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Name the nitrogenous base and the sugar present in ATP

Nitrogenous base in ATP = adenine

Sugar is ATP = ribose

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Give a balanced chemical equation to summarize the process of aerobic respiration.

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6H2O + 6CO2

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Name the storage polysaccharide in humans from which glucose is produced.

Glycogen

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Give one major storage location if glycogen in the body.

Liver or muscle

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What happens to pyruvate molecules that prepare them for the Krebs Cycle?

They lose a carbon (C3 becomes C2) to become acetyl CoA (C2)

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Name three products of the Krebs Cycle

ATP
NADH
CO2

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Describe the fate of CO2 after it has left the Krebs Cycle

Released into the atmosphere or is used in photosynthesis

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What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?

Oxygen

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True or false?

Aerobic respiration occurs entirely in the cytosol?

False

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True or false?

Glycolysis is an anaerobic process

True

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True or false?

None of the energy released in respiration is lost as best.

False

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True or false?

In respiration, all of the ATP molecules are produced in the Krebs Cycle

False

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True or false?

ADP requires an input of energy to produce ATP

True

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True or false?

When glucose is fermented by yeast, ethanol and water are formed.

False

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True or false?

Fermentation releases more energy than aerobic respiration.

False

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Name the three carbon molecule that is an intermediate compound in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

Pyruvic acid

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What name is given to the biochemical pathway by which pyruvic acid is produced?

Glycolysis

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What is produced from pyruvic when oxygen is not present in (a) muscles (b) yeast

A = lactic acid is produced 
B = ethanol and carbon dioxide

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What is stage 1 of aerobic respiration called?

Glycolysis

What is the location of glycolysis in yeast cells?

Cytosol

Name a compound with 6 carbon atoms

Glucose

Name a compound which has 3 carbon atoms

Pyruvic acid

Name a compound with 2 carbon atoms

Acetyl CoA

Give two functions of water in yeast cells | 6 possible answers

``` Medium for chemical reactions Maintains constant temperature Maintains shape Transports materials Solvent Biochemical reactant ```

Suggest an advantage of using ATP as an energy store in cells 5 possible answers

``` High-energy molecule Easily broken down Easily re-formed Reusable Energy released easily ```

Name two processes requiring ATP that occur in cells.

Respiration | Photosynthesis

Name two substances other than carbon dioxide into which pyruvate may be broken down under anaerobic conditions in cells

Lactic acid | Ethanol

What is the name of the two-carbon compound into which pyruvate is broken down under aerobic conditions?

Acetyl

Briefly describe the fate under aerobic conditions of acetyl

Enters Krebs Cycle where is is broken down into CO2 and protons (H+)

Write a note on Krebs Cycle | 5 points

Occurs in the second stage of aerobic respiration Occurs in the mitochondria Requires O2 (aerobic) Produces energised electrons Breaks down acetyl into CO2 and hydrogen ions (H+/protons)

Write a note on ADP | 3 points

Adenosine diphosphate Low energy molecule ADP + P used to form ATP + water during respiration

Explain the term fermentation.

Another name for anaerobic respiration

Name an organisms used in industrial fermentation

Yeast

To which kingdom does yeast belong?

Fungi

Name a compound which is used as a carbon source in the fermentation of yeast

Glucose

Explain the term bioprocessing

The use of enzyme-controlled reactions to produce a product

Explain the term immobilised

Immobilised enzymes are enzymes that are attached, or fixed, to each other, or to an inert material (immobilised is to be attached, or fixed, to each other, or to an inert material)

Give an advantage of using immobilised cells in bioprocessing.

Immobilised cells can be reused while free cells cannot, the process is therefore cheaper if immobilised cells are used as they do not need to be replaced

Name the compound from which immobilised beads are formed are formed in the laboratory

Alginate

Give the general name for the vessel used during bioprocessing

Bioreactor

Write a brief note on glycolysis | 6 points

``` First stage of aerobic respiration Occurs in the cytosol of the cell It is anaerobic Process begins with glucose Produces pyruvate (C3) Released a low amount of energy ```

Write a brief note on acetyl co-enzyme A | 5 points

``` It is formed from pyruvate It is a 2-carbon molecule Joins the Krebs Cycle Made in the mitochondria Made in stage 2 of aerobic respiration in the presence of oxygen ```

Write a note on ATP in relation to respiration | 5 points

``` High energy molecule Stores energy Releases energy Formed from ADP + P Large ATP production in stage 2 of aerobic respiration ```

Write a note on the electron transport chain in relation to respiration

``` Oxidative phosphorylation Carries high energy electrons made Electrons come from NADH produced in Krebs Cycle Forms water Aerobic process ```

Give two differences other than location between stage 1 and 2 of respiration

Stage 1 is anaerobic while stage 2 is aerobic | Stage 1 produces a small amount of energy while stage 2 produces a large amount of energy

Where in the cell does stage 1 occur

Cytosol

What term is used to describe respiration in which only stage 1 occurs

Anaerobic/fermentation

Name a chemical end product of anaerobic respiration

Ethanol or lactic acid

What molecule stores the energy released by electrons in the electron transport chain

ATP

Where are the electrons transferred to at the end of the electron transport chain?

1/2 oxygen and 2H+ to produce water

What name is given to the first stage of respiration

Glycolysis

In what organelle does stage 2 of respiration take place in the presence of oxygen

Mitochondria

What is the name of the C2 molecule which pyruvate is broken down into in stage 2 of respiration

Acetyl

What is the name of the series of reactions acetyl passes into in the second stage of respiration.

Krebs cycle

What is the energy released by electrons in the electron transport chain used for?

To form ATP

What happens to the electrons at the end of the electron transport chain?

Combines with 2H+ and 1/2 O2 to form water

Write a balanced equation to represent aerobic respiration

C6H12O6 +6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O

What is the cytosol

The cytoplasm minus organelles i.e. it is the liquid part of the cytoplasm

Does the first stage of respiration release a small or large amount of energy?

A small amount of energy

What is fermentation

Another name for anaerobic respiration

Where in the cell does the second stage of aerobic respiration take place?

Mitochondrion

Is oxygen required for the second stage of aerobic respiration?

Yes

Suggest a situation in which some cells in the human body may not be able to engage in the second stage of aerobic respiration.

Lack of oxygen due to exercise

For what is ATP abbreviated

Adenosine Triphosphate

What is the role of ATP in cells?

Stores energy

To what substance is glucose normally converted in the first stage of respiration

Pyruvic acid

Is oxygen required for the conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid?

Name a compound to which pyruvic acid may be converted to in the absence of oxygen

Lactic acid or ethanol

What molecule is released when pyruvic acid is converted to an acetyle group

CO2

Explain the role of ADP in relation to the small amount of energy released in glycolysis

Uses energy to combine with a phosphate to form ATP which stores and transports energy