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Biology: 12 - Respiration > Exam Questions > Flashcards

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1
Q

In what part of the cell does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytosol

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2
Q

Name the end product if glycolysis.

A

Pyruvic acid

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3
Q

Comment on the amount of energy produced as a result of glycolysis.

A

Small amount of energy produced in the form 2 ATP per glucose molecule

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4
Q

Some cells contain large numbers of mitochondria. What does this indicate?

A

It is very active

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5
Q

Suggest one type of cell that you would expect to have few mitochondria present.

A

Fat cells

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6
Q

Suggest an advantage to the cell of using ATP as an energy source, instead of breaking down a sugar molecule Evey time energy is needed.
4 possible answers

A

ATP releases energy in suitable quantities
ATP is immediately available
ATP can be recycled easily
ATP is easily released

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7
Q

Name the nitrogenous base and the sugar present in ATP

A

Nitrogenous base in ATP = adenine

Sugar is ATP = ribose

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8
Q

Give a balanced chemical equation to summarize the process of aerobic respiration.

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6H2O + 6CO2

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9
Q

Name the storage polysaccharide in humans from which glucose is produced.

A

Glycogen

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10
Q

Give one major storage location if glycogen in the body.

A

Liver or muscle

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11
Q

What happens to pyruvate molecules that prepare them for the Krebs Cycle?

A

They lose a carbon (C3 becomes C2) to become acetyl CoA (C2)

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12
Q

Name three products of the Krebs Cycle

A

ATP
NADH
CO2

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13
Q

Describe the fate of CO2 after it has left the Krebs Cycle

A

Released into the atmosphere or is used in photosynthesis

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14
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?

A

Oxygen

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15
Q

True or false?

Aerobic respiration occurs entirely in the cytosol?

A

False

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16
Q

True or false?

Glycolysis is an anaerobic process

A

True

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17
Q

True or false?

None of the energy released in respiration is lost as best.

A

False

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18
Q

True or false?

In respiration, all of the ATP molecules are produced in the Krebs Cycle

A

False

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19
Q

True or false?

ADP requires an input of energy to produce ATP

A

True

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20
Q

True or false?

When glucose is fermented by yeast, ethanol and water are formed.

A

False

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21
Q

True or false?

Fermentation releases more energy than aerobic respiration.

A

False

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22
Q

Name the three carbon molecule that is an intermediate compound in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

A

Pyruvic acid

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23
Q

What name is given to the biochemical pathway by which pyruvic acid is produced?

A

Glycolysis

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24
Q

What is produced from pyruvic when oxygen is not present in (a) muscles (b) yeast

A 
A = lactic acid is produced 
B = ethanol and carbon dioxide
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25
Q

What is stage 1 of aerobic respiration called?

A

Glycolysis

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26
Q

What is the location of glycolysis in yeast cells?

A

Cytosol

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27
Q

Name a compound with 6 carbon atoms

A

Glucose

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28
Q

Name a compound which has 3 carbon atoms

A

Pyruvic acid

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29
Q

Name a compound with 2 carbon atoms

A

Acetyl CoA

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30
Q

Give two functions of water in yeast cells

6 possible answers

A 
Medium for chemical reactions 
Maintains constant temperature 
Maintains shape 
Transports materials 
Solvent 
Biochemical reactant
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31
Q

Suggest an advantage of using ATP as an energy store in cells
5 possible answers

A 
High-energy molecule 
Easily broken down 
Easily re-formed 
Reusable 
Energy released easily
32
Q

Name two processes requiring ATP that occur in cells.

A

Respiration

Photosynthesis

33
Q

Name two substances other than carbon dioxide into which pyruvate may be broken down under anaerobic conditions in cells

A

Lactic acid

Ethanol

34
Q

What is the name of the two-carbon compound into which pyruvate is broken down under aerobic conditions?

A

Acetyl

35
Q

Briefly describe the fate under aerobic conditions of acetyl

A

Enters Krebs Cycle where is is broken down into CO2 and protons (H+)

36
Q

Write a note on Krebs Cycle

5 points

A

Occurs in the second stage of aerobic respiration
Occurs in the mitochondria
Requires O2 (aerobic)
Produces energised electrons
Breaks down acetyl into CO2 and hydrogen ions (H+/protons)

37
Q

Write a note on ADP

3 points

A

Adenosine diphosphate
Low energy molecule
ADP + P used to form ATP + water during respiration

38
Q

Explain the term fermentation.

A

Another name for anaerobic respiration

39
Q

Name an organisms used in industrial fermentation

A

Yeast

40
Q

To which kingdom does yeast belong?

A

Fungi

41
Q

Name a compound which is used as a carbon source in the fermentation of yeast

A

Glucose

42
Q

Explain the term bioprocessing

A

The use of enzyme-controlled reactions to produce a product

43
Q

Explain the term immobilised

A

Immobilised enzymes are enzymes that are attached, or fixed, to each other, or to an inert material
(immobilised is to be attached, or fixed, to each other, or to an inert material)

44
Q

Give an advantage of using immobilised cells in bioprocessing.

A

Immobilised cells can be reused while free cells cannot, the process is therefore cheaper if immobilised cells are used as they do not need to be replaced

45
Q

Name the compound from which immobilised beads are formed are formed in the laboratory

A

Alginate

46
Q

Give the general name for the vessel used during bioprocessing

A

Bioreactor

47
Q

Write a brief note on glycolysis

6 points

A 
First stage of aerobic respiration 
Occurs in the cytosol of the cell 
It is anaerobic 
Process begins with glucose 
Produces pyruvate (C3) 
Released a low amount of energy
48
Q

Write a brief note on acetyl co-enzyme A

5 points

A 
It is formed from pyruvate 
It is a 2-carbon molecule 
Joins the Krebs Cycle 
Made in the mitochondria
Made in stage 2 of aerobic respiration in the presence of oxygen
49
Q

Write a note on ATP in relation to respiration

5 points

A 
High energy molecule 
Stores energy 
Releases energy 
Formed from ADP + P 
Large ATP production in stage 2 of aerobic respiration
50
Q

Write a note on the electron transport chain in relation to respiration

A 
Oxidative phosphorylation
Carries high energy electrons made 
Electrons come from NADH produced in Krebs Cycle 
Forms water 
Aerobic process
51
Q

Give two differences other than location between stage 1 and 2 of respiration

A

Stage 1 is anaerobic while stage 2 is aerobic

Stage 1 produces a small amount of energy while stage 2 produces a large amount of energy

52
Q

Where in the cell does stage 1 occur

A

Cytosol

53
Q

What term is used to describe respiration in which only stage 1 occurs

A

Anaerobic/fermentation

54
Q

Name a chemical end product of anaerobic respiration

A

Ethanol or lactic acid

55
Q

What molecule stores the energy released by electrons in the electron transport chain

A

ATP

56
Q

Where are the electrons transferred to at the end of the electron transport chain?

A

1/2 oxygen and 2H+ to produce water

57
Q

What name is given to the first stage of respiration

A

Glycolysis

58
Q

In what organelle does stage 2 of respiration take place in the presence of oxygen

A

Mitochondria

59
Q

What is the name of the C2 molecule which pyruvate is broken down into in stage 2 of respiration

A

Acetyl

60
Q

What is the name of the series of reactions acetyl passes into in the second stage of respiration.

A

Krebs cycle

61
Q

What is the energy released by electrons in the electron transport chain used for?

A

To form ATP

62
Q

What happens to the electrons at the end of the electron transport chain?

A

Combines with 2H+ and 1/2 O2 to form water

63
Q

Write a balanced equation to represent aerobic respiration

A

C6H12O6 +6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O

64
Q

What is the cytosol

A

The cytoplasm minus organelles i.e. it is the liquid part of the cytoplasm

65
Q

Does the first stage of respiration release a small or large amount of energy?

A

A small amount of energy

66
Q

What is fermentation

A

Another name for anaerobic respiration

67
Q

Where in the cell does the second stage of aerobic respiration take place?

A

Mitochondrion

68
Q

Is oxygen required for the second stage of aerobic respiration?

A

Yes

69
Q

Suggest a situation in which some cells in the human body may not be able to engage in the second stage of aerobic respiration.

A

Lack of oxygen due to exercise

70
Q

For what is ATP abbreviated

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

71
Q

What is the role of ATP in cells?

A

Stores energy

72
Q

To what substance is glucose normally converted in the first stage of respiration

A

Pyruvic acid

73
Q

Is oxygen required for the conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid?

A

No

74
Q

Name a compound to which pyruvic acid may be converted to in the absence of oxygen

A

Lactic acid or ethanol

75
Q

What molecule is released when pyruvic acid is converted to an acetyle group

A

CO2

76
Q

Explain the role of ADP in relation to the small amount of energy released in glycolysis

A

Uses energy to combine with a phosphate to form ATP which stores and transports energy

Biology: 12 - Respiration (11 decks)

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