Exam questions Flashcards
From the study by Dement and Kleitman identify one reason for using EEG to measure brain activity
which stage of sleep the participants are in REm/nREM
Two ethical guidelines are debriefing and informed consent. Suggest how ethical. issues raised in the Piliavin et al. study (subway Samaritans) relate to these two ethical guidelines (4)
Debriefing:
Participants did not know they were part of the study, did not have the aims explained or time for questions — psychological harm
Informed consent:
No one knew this was going to happened as consent did not happen —> exposed to a situation which may have cause psychological harm
Describe one assumption of the social approach (2)
Behavior cognition and emotion can be influenced by groups or social contexts
Outline one other real-world application based on the finding from the Milgram’s study
65% went to the end 450V under authority figure. — People follow orders from authority figures. When crime happens find authority figure to stop the crime from happening.
Helped us find understand why WW2 may have happened (destructive obedience)
Strengths of Dement and Kleitmen (8)
Standardized - doorbell (every participant experienced the same thing)
High reliability - EEG quantitative data, is not affected by experimenters subjective view: both quantitative data and qualitative data is collected
Demand characters minimized: did not tell participants about EEG patterns
Operationalised : meaning of dreams
Weakness of Dement & Kleitmen (ethics) (6)
Low generalizability: small sample
Ethics: participant WD deception misled about REM and nREM
Low ecological validity: sleeping in a lab / no caffeine / alchohol
Eye movements (8)
- Vertical : throwing basketball - looking down to see one
- Horizontal : watching people throw tomatoes at each other
- Little movement: driving / looking at something at a distance
- Mixed: giving a speech
Dream recall when woke up in REM %
79.6%
Time guessing Dement and Kleitmen (2)
88% - 5 mins 78 - 15 mins
Hasset et al. Sample (3)
82 Rhesus monkeys
21 male
61 female
type of sampling Hasset et al
Opportunity
Type of experiment Hasset et al
Field experiment
Measures designed Hasset et al
independent measures design
How many toys Hasset et al (2)
6 ‘male’ toys - wheeled toys
7 ‘female’ toys - plushies
Results of Hasset et al (2)
males prefer male toys
female don’t really have preference - played with female toys more than males
Strengths of Hasset et al + ethics (10)
Inter rater validity - 2 observers came to o consensus each time
Counterbalancing - placement of the toys changed each time
Behavioral categories clearly defined: sitting, dragging, sniffing etc.
standardized: trials/ time
Ethics:
Ethically taken care of
watched on cameras - no disturbance? controlled demand characteristics
Unethical to grow children away from society - did the experiment on monkeys
How long did the trials last for? Hasset et al (2)
7 trials , 25 mins each
Weakness of Hasset et al (2)
Methodological differences: hey did a study on children beforehand - study was conducted differently: different toys / children did individually while monkeys did in groups
—> hard to make it comparable
Conclusion of Hasset et al (2)
Females are more variable in their toy preferences
support biological explanation for toy preferences—> in absence of socialization as well
Nature vs Nurture in Holzel et al (1)
the study showed that nurture through MBSR can affect structures and processes.
Sampling in Holzel et al (6)
opportunity sampling
University of massachusetts’s who already signed up for the MBSR course
16 experimental
17 control
aged 25 -55
Measures designed Holzel et al
Independent measures design
Procedure Holzel et al (4)
Completed questionnaire before & after the intervention
MRI scans before & after the intervention
Body scan, mindful yoga, meditation
Homework 45 min video
Results of Holzel et al (4)
Grey matter density in the brain - hippocampus : positive change in the experimental group no change for control group
No significant correlation between time spent on body scans, yoga , mediation
Increased mindfulness scores
Strengths of Holzel et al & ethics (7)
longitudinal study
—> high external validity
Standardization
—> fixed number of excersies - fixed duration —> highly replicable - high reliability
Ethics:
right to withdraw - 2 participants withdrew
made sure all were safe to do MRI scans
Weakness of Holzel et al (4)
Low generalizability
—> already enrolled to MBSR
Lack of correlation with the homework
—> low internal validity
Results of Andrade (2)
Control group recall - 7.1
Experimental group recall - 7.8
Individual and Situational explanation of Andrade (2)
Individual - participants may have used a similar strategy before or have a personality turpentine that requires stimulation when processing information
SItuational - process of cooling could have caused the improvement in recall
Strengths of Andrade (8)
Standardized procedure
—> easy to replicate —> reliability
—> likely to daydream as they could be bored and tired of the day —> thinking about going home
Operlationalised: doodling sheets —> reduced individual differences
Generalizability
—> 18 - 55 years
High ecological validity
—> real life —> classroom
Quantitative data — amount memorized
Weaknesses of Andrade’s study (5)
Ceiling effect
—> test was easy should put more names
Participants were part of psychology panel —> may have suspected something —> demand characteristics
—> reduced validity
no measure of day dreaming
Ethics in Andrade (3)
- debriefing well done
- Asking them to recall may have caused psychological harm
- deception
Sample in Andrade (6)
Psychology Panel of a university
18 - 55
20 participants
10 in experimental
10 in control
asked to try after unrelated study for 5 mins
Procedure in Andrade (6)
asked to stay after unrelated study for 5 mins
given A4 paper (controlled - lined , experiment - shapes to color in)
listened to 2.5 min recording 227 wpm
8 party attenders , 3 people , 1 cat , 8 places
after 1 minute (debriefed during this time - asked anyone suspected)
asked for names / places —> counterbalanced
Baron - Cohen et al aim (2)
investigating theory of mind
—> ability to attribute ones mental states or another person, which is how we make sense of or predict another person’s behavior —> in other words —> ‘empathy’
Strengths of Baron-Cohen (4)
High internal validity —> changes made to the eyes test —> 4 options, equal female and male pairs , glossary
Standardized - image same size, black and white , 1 correct answers —> 8 judges who decided on the emotions
Weakness of Baron-Cohen (3) & ethics
Low ecological validity - not applicable to everyday life- we don’t look at just eyes
Low generalizability- ASD only 15
Ethics:
If they could not guess the emotion they may feel embarrassment —> psychological harm
Sample of Baron-Cohen (3)
Opportunity — for 3 of the groups (adult - library users , students - cambridge university)
Random selected IQ
ASD - magazine volunteer sampling (15)
Results of Baron-Cohen (3)
ASD group did significantly worse
normal adults inverse correlation to ones who have ASD
Women got higher scores than males - not that significant though
Procedure of Baron-Cohen (2)
individually in room - everyone take AQ test
“then take the reading the mind in the eyes “ test
Hypothesis of Pozzulo (4)
- Good as adults for cartoon (identification)
- worse than adults for cartoon target absent (rejection)
- worse than adults for human target
- worse than adults for human target absent (rejection)
Experiment - Pozzulo
Lab
Procedure of Pozzulo (5)
Human : 2 videos - 6 seconds
Cartoon : 2 videos - 6 seconds (dora & diego)
tested individually
filler questions asked before the line up
black silhouette box if target was absent
Sampling of Pozzulo
59 children
4-7
Private schools - eastern ontario
53 adults
17-30
Psychology participant pool - eastern ontario
Both: opportunity sampling
Measures design Pozzulo
independent
Results of Pozzulo
All hypothesis proved correct
Conclusion Pozzulo (2)
Errors in the target - absent lineup result from social factors not cognitive factors
—> for children
Ethics Pozzulo (2)
Deception
children knew they had the right to withdraw
no psychological or physical harm was done
Strengths Pozzulo (4)
High standardization along with controls
—> experiment with children and adults as identical as possible
quantitative data
—> objective
Weakness of Pozzulo (4)
low ecological validity / mundane realism
—> no crime was actually done — emotional experience of genuine police line up’
Order effect
—> all the same order —> lead to demand characteristics
Procedure of Bandura (3)
Child annoyed
taken to another room
if aggressive group - after a while they hit the Bobo doll —> verbal aggression “pow “
—> 10 minutes
Results of Fagen
