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A Level Biology > Exam Questions > Flashcards

Exam Questions Flashcards

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1
Q

Role of disulphide bridge in quaternary structure of antibody

A

Joins 2 different polypeptides

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2
Q

Addition mutation

A

Frame shift
So affects more than one amino acid

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3
Q

Increase rate of photosynthesis….

A

Faster/ more growth

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4
Q

Contrast structure of starch and cellulose

A

Position of hydrogen and hydroxyl groups in carbon atom 1 inverted

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5
Q

Cellulose

A

Long straight chains
Linked together by many hydrogen bonds
Cross links between chains
Hydrogen bonds strong in large numbers
Resists digestion/ action of microorganisms/ enzymes
Can resist turgor/osmotic pressure
Flipping over of alternate molecules

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6
Q

Exopeptidases

A

Remove terminal amino acids

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7
Q

Function of chloroplast

A

Absorb light
For photosynthesis
Produces carbohydrates sugars lipids protein

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8
Q

Cristae in mitochondria

A

Folding of membrane increases surface area- more proteins for active transport

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9
Q

Starch

A

Coiled/ helical
Insoluble
Large
Branched

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10
Q

Adaptations of epithelial cells

A

Microvilli
Many mitochondria
Carrier proteins, co transport proteins, membrane bound enzymes

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11
Q

Antigen

A

Substance that causes an immune response/ production of antibodies
Molecule on cell surface…

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12
Q

Why antigens can’t get through membrane

A

Not lipid soluble
Too large to diffuse through membrane
Don’t have complementary shape

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13
Q

Name one organelle expected in large numbers in a mucus secreting cell

A

Ribosomes- make polypeptide (mucus proteins)
Golgi body- package and process proteins
Mitochondria- release energy
Vesicles- secretion and transport of protein

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14
Q

Stain used for viewing starch grains under microscope

A

Iodine in potassium iodide

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15
Q

Structures that cannot be viewed under optical microscope

A

Mitochondrion, ribosomes, lysosomes, cell surface membrane, ER

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16
Q

Explain why potato increased in length

A

More negative water potential (lower water potential)
Water taken in by osmosis
Causes cells to extend/ become turgid

17
Q

Why no further decrease in length of potato

A

Isotonic
Little water remaining
Fully plasmolysed
Cell wall prevents further shrinkage

18
Q

Functions of phospholipids

A

Impermeable barrier to water soluble substances
Allows cell to maintain different concentrations either side
Makes membrane fluid, self sealing, able to fuse with other membranes, form vesicles, gives flexibility

19
Q

Function extrinsic glycoproteins

A

Cell recognition/identification
Binding to hormones

20
Q

Advantage of giving results as a ratio

A

Easy to compare
Shows proportional change
(Eg with osmosis practical, is good method as the discs has different starting masses)

21
Q

Advantage of taking multiple readings

A

Mean
Identify anomalies
Plot error bars to show variability about mean

22
Q

Why babies can test positive for disease like hiv if mother is positive

A

Antibodies from mother through placenta and breast milk
Always Positive tests before 18 months

23
Q

Purposes of control well in elisa tests

A

Shows colour change due to the secondary antibody with the enzyme binding to the hiv antibodies
Washing is effective/ all unbound antibodies washed away

24
Q

Factors to consider when selecting antibiotics

A

Side effects, allergic reactions
How much resistance the bacteria have built up
Interactions/ effects on other medications
Narrow spectrum (only act on problem bacteria)

25
Q

Scar tissue

A

Thicker
Less elastic

26
Q

Volume of water passing over fish gills increases if temperature of water increases. Suggest why

A

Higher rate of metabolism/ enzyme activity
Less oxygen dissolved in water

27
Q

Aleveolar epithelium

A

Permeable (allows diffusion of co2 and o2)
Think (one cell thick)

28
Q

Affect of damaged cilia

A

Reduced surface area
Membrane bound enzymes less effective
Membranes damaged so fewer carrier/ channel proteins
Channel/ carrier proteins damaged

A Level Biology (23 decks)

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