Exam questions Flashcards
True or False: Non-technical skills are important in aviation because they contribute to effective communication and teamwork among crew members
T
True or False: Non-technical skills are irrelevant in aviation as long as pilots possess strong technical knowledge and expertise
F
True or False: Non-technical skills play a crucial role in aviation safety by helping pilots effectively manage stress, make good decisions, and mitigate risks
T
True or False: Non-technical skills are only relevant for cabin crew members and do not significantly impact the performance of pilots
F
True or False: Non-technical skills, such as situational awareness and decision-making. abilities, are more critical in aviation than technical skills alone.
T
Non-technical skills encompass attributes such as the ability to recognize and manage human performance limitations, make sound decisions, communicate effectively, lead and work as a team and maintain situation awareness
T
True or False: CRM training solely focused on individual management styles and interpersonal skills
F
True or False: CRM has evolved over the years but has failed to expand beyond the aircraft to include air traffic controllers and maintainers
F
True or False: It can be difficult to demonstrate the effectiveness of CRM and NTS training because safety performance is difficult to measure
T
True or False: Non-technical skills (NTS) training in aviation does not include teaching specific technical skills
T
True or False: Military flight operations have less of an issue with NTS related accidents
F
True or False: Within the C-SHELL model, the E stands for “Environment”
T
True or False: Within the C-SHELL model, the S stands for “Security”
F
Fill in the Blank: NTS, which stands for Non-_____ skills, include topics such as communication, situational awareness, and teamwork
Technical
CRM is defined as the optimal use of
all available resources
Cognition refers to the processes such as attention, memory, decision-making, reasoning and respondin
T
Motivation is the mental faculty of purpose, desire, or will to perform
T
For most people, work does not involve attending to stimuli in our environment, making decisions, executing responses and monitoring the effectiveness of those responses
F
Working memory can store an unlimited amount of memory
F
it is easy for people to pay attention to multiple things
F
Distractions are the major hazard to maintaining attention
T
Knowing where to direct your attention is something that comes with experience and training.
T
_______ motivation is when you do the job because it is interesting and you like doing it
intrinsic
The atmosphere consists of approximately 80% nitrogen and 20% oxygen
T
Caffeine results in increased nerve activity in the brain
T
Degradation of physiological and psychological responses are often seen when circadian rhythms are disrupted during transmeridian flight
T
Nutrient-rich carbohydrates result in a steady rise in glucose levels in the blood
T
Stress and illness cannot decrease the glucose levels in your blood
F
Omega-3 fatty acids can improve brain function
T
Emotion ________ represents the feelings and emotions that guide and accompany our thoughts and actions
intelligence
Decision-making is considered a non-technical skill that involves analyzing and selecting the best course of action based on available information
T
Non-technical skills are primarily focused on individual performance and do not significantly impact teamwork and collaboration in aviation
F
Slips occur when an intention is executed in an inappropriate manner, while lapses are the failure to perform a required action
T
External causes such as interruptions, distractions, and unpredictable events can contribute to skill-level errors.
T
Mistakes are considered more dangerous than slips or lapses because the person making the mistake believes they are doing the right thing
F
After many years of snapshot research done by defense aviation, the #1 ranked error is having too many things to do
T
Regarding common types of violations the #1 ranked violation according to Snapshot is doing a task without the right tools
F
The Defense Aviation Safety analysis model provides a broader view of the work situation, one that captures the work system as a whole, including the organization, the individual, technical issues, etc.
T
Latent failures in the Swiss Cheese Model are often left dormant and are not easily recognized
T
Active Failures in the Swiss Cheese Model are often made by people not directly involved in the workplace
F
Some ways to change the work environment could be physical such as implementing better lighting, temperature, reducingnoise, etc
T
Decision errors are actions carried out as planned but not appropriate for the situation
T
Action errors occur when the action deviates from the person’s plan
T
The four layers of the Swiss Cheese Model include: Organizational factors, unsafe supervision, unsafe act preconditions, and _______?
unsafe acts
_____ failures are unsafe behavior by people who are in direct contact with the system.
Active
The Acronym HRO Stands for High-Reliability Organizations
T
The US Navy Nuclear Fleet is an example of an HRO and has 5400 Reactor years and no major incidents
T
The odds of getting in a plane accident are 1.6/1,000,000
T
The book defines safety culture as “dynamic interplay of workplace factors at multiple levels in an organization that influence safety performance”.
T
Division is a driver of safety culture
F
Communication is a driver of safety culture
T
Safety culture is made up of underlying values
T
Secretive or pathological culture is the most developed safety culture model
F
Just culture punishes members for their actions
F
Adaptive culture recognizes the unpredictability of real life and adapts
T
Practical drift is the slow change of procedures that can go unnoticed
T
Nature of the job and the “can do” attitude are reasons why rules are broken.
T
Organizational resilience is the ability to deal with undesired or unexpected events.
T
Company ________ is “How we do things around here”.
culture
Safety climate is how an _______ views the organization’s policies and procedures.
individual
Decision-making should not be understood from a systems perspective, and should rather be considered in isolation as the action of an individual operator
F
Other non-technical skills such as communication, stress management, and situational awareness are intricately linked to effective decision-making
T
The RPD (Recognition Primed Decision) model involves generating several possible courses of action, simulating and comparing each outcome, and ultimately selecting the optimal decision
F
Naturalistic decision-making (NDM) examines how operators use experience to make decisions under conditions characterized by time pressures, shifting conditions, unclear, goals, degraded information quality, risk-laden consequence, and perhaps conflicted team interactions
T
Decision-making, like situation assessment, situation awareness, and risk management require continuous attention and evaluation
T
One of the advantages of creative decision-making is that it quickly generates a course of action, is tried and tested, and is not affected by stressful conditions
F
It is important to recognize and counter the human tendency, when examining decision-making in complex safety incidents, to blame individual decision-makers, particularly the person in the loop nearest the adverse outcome
T
Effective decision making is strongly influenced by technical expertise, experience, familiarity with the situation, and practice in responding to challenging situation
T
Stress tends to lead to focused attention (tunnel vision)
T
We are often unaware of how cognitive biases affect our thinking and judgement
T
Mnemonics are best used in a stressful or time sensitive situation
F
Adverse outcomes are caused by poor decisions of an individual or team
F
You can moderate cognitive biases by jumping to conclusions
F
The ____ decision-making model refers to decisions based on following a series of steps that are either committed to memory, or lookup up in a set of instructions or a manual
Rule-based
SHOR stands for _______, hypothesis, options, and response
stimuli
Situational awareness began being used in WWI and was later mainstream in WWII.
T
_______ is higher-order thinking that enables understanding, analysis, and control of one’s cognitive processes, especially when engaged in learning
metacognition
Context is irrelevant for good situational awareness
F
A study of team performance found that the best teams communicated the most.
F
Quality of team situational awareness is associated with trust, cohesion, interpersonal connections, and a positive group climate.
T
The main challenge of shared situation awareness is ________
coordination of crew resources
Operations characterized by constant change in a continuous sequence of dynamic information are easiest to store in memory.
F
Stress decreases cognition, memory, and attention ability.
T
Aspects of human cognition are incorporated into the design of aircraft systems
T
Training can be tailored to the goal of developing situational awareness.
T
You should not request more time from ATC to regain situational awareness.
F
Technology aimed to enhance situational awareness always improves situational awareness among pilots.
F
It is important to minimize distractions to manage situational awareness.
T
Communication is not a vital part of maintaining situation awareness.
F
Situation awareness requires constant effort and vigilance
T
