Exam question 2 Citations Flashcards
Clean water act (CWA) in the united states. Enacted in 1972 aimed to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation’s waters. It imposed regulatory requirements on point source pollution such as industrial discharges and municipal sewage treatment plants.
What is the citation?
US EPA (2023)
The law recognized the economic interests of industries and municipalities by incorporating flexibility mechanisms such as permitting systems and pollution trading programs. This compromise allowed for the protection of water quality while minimizing economic disruption and facilitating voluntary compliance. These programs provide environmental benefits such as flood retention, riparian improvements, and habitat recovery.
What is the citation?
O. US EPS (2016)
The European Union’s Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) provides a notable illustration of the intersection between environmental, economic and political interests. Established in 2005 it is the world’s largest carbon market aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 55% from industrial sectors and is now in its fourth phase (2021-2030). By setting a cap on emissions and allowing the trading of emission allowances, the system combines environmental objectives with market-based principles.
What is the citation?
European Commission (2023)
The EU ETS design and implementation have been shaped by political negotiations among members of the EU state and industry representatives reflecting diverse interests and priorities. Therefore still needs more amendments which is expected to come with phase 4 of the EU ETS.
What is the citation?
Kemfert et al(2004)
Laing et al (2013)
The Montreal Protocol exemplifies the global collaboration necessary to address environmental challenges. Signed in 1987, It aimed to phase out ozone-depleting substances (ODS) to protect the earth’s ozone layer. The treaty’s success demonstrates how environmental law can reconcile economic interests with environmental imperatives by providing financial incentives, technology transfer mechanisms, and capacity-building support to facilitate compliance among developing countries.
What are the citations?
United Nations Environment Programme (2018)
Gonzalez et al (2015)
Because most ODS are potent greenhouse gases, the Montreal protocol is also contributing to the Kyoto Protocol (EU ETS) by protecting the climate. From 1990-2010 the treaty’s control measures have been estimated to have reduced greenhouse emissions by 11 gigatons of CO2 a year. Additionally, the Montreal Protocol has approved and financed industrial conversion, training, and technical assistance worth more than 3 billion dollars, which in comparison to the 300 billion dollars spent by the Kyoto Protocol since 2013 for their clean development mechanisms is considerably less.
What are the citations?
Gonzalez et al. (2015)
The controversy surrounding the Keystone XL pipeline in the United States exemplifies the tensions between environmental activists, energy industry proponents, and political leaders over the project’s potential environmental impacts, economic benefits, and energy policy implications. Those in favour of the pipeline include Canadian agencies and petroleum industry stakeholders, who are interested in increasing the diversity of petroleum supply and economic benefits by providing more jobs. Those against raise concerns regarding the global impact (e.g., GHGs) and the associated impact of construction on private land, potentially impacting the grazing of livestock.
What are the citations?
Parfomak and Vann (2013)
