Exam Question Flashcards
If pathogen enter the bloodstream,phagocytes can destroy them by phagocytosis,describe the process of phagocytosis
Agglutination happens and this helps the phagocytes to find them
Once engulfed the phagosome is formed
Lysosomes have hydrolytic enzyme and lysosomes bind to the phagosome forming a phagolysosome and this breaks down pathogen
Then the antigen is then presented on the cell membrane of phagocyte and the waste is removed by exocytosis
Suggest 2 enzyme lysosomes contain that can break the cell walls of engulfed bacteria
Lipase for lipids which turns them into fatty acids and triglycerides
Protease for protein and it turns them into amino acids
Explain the importance of phagocytosis in bringing about a specific immune response in the human body
After phagocytosis the antigen is present of the phagosome so it is now a APC and it will bind up t helper cell allowing it to go through mitosis and lots of T cell are produced and then it will differentiate :
Some stay t helper cells to active B cells
And some differentiate into memory T cells and stimulate macrophage to go they phagocytosis
Explain the primary and the secondary responses
1-exposure to pathogen and the lag phase will be longer as this is the 1st time and immune system detects the pathogens due antigen
-b cells and T cells are actived differentiate into plasma cells which create antibodies from memory B cells
And T cells go through clonal expansion and differentiate into cytotoxic cells which attack infected cells
3-immune system destroys most of pathogens but it takes time so some symptoms will occur
4-secondary response
activated B and T cells become memory cells. These cells “remember” the specific pathogen, allowing for a faster response
2-Memory B cells produce antibodies, and memory T cells mount a rapid and targeted attack.
3-secondary response is faster and more robust than the primary response.
Due to response being faster no symptoms occur.
Give me the similarities and differences of primary and secondary response.
-primary response is the body’s 1st exposure to pathogen whilst the secondary is the 2nd exposure to the pathogen.
-lag phase(stage in which no antibodies are produced)is longer like 4-7 days
Whilst in the secondary response it is like 1-4 days
-take a longer to establish immunity
and in the 2nd response it take shorter to establish immunity
-both start with 2 type of B cells but in the primary response it starts with B cells
-in primary response the antibody and plasma cells level decline rapidly whilst in the secondary one they are long lived and stay alive for longer
-amount of antibodies produced depends on the nature of antigen and they are mostly on a low amount
And the secondary response there are usually 100-1000 times more antibodies produced.
Explain the 4 ways to prepare vaccines
1-Killing but leaving the antigens unaffected
2-weaking(attenuation-heating) leaving antigen unaffected
3-purified antigens which are removed from pathogen
4-using inactivated toxins called toxoid that are harmless but trigger same response
What are vaccines?
A way of introducing antigen of a weakened or inactive pathogens (mouth or injection) to stimulate a production antibodies and memory cells
How do vaccine work?
One dose indices primary response and multiple doses increase number of antibodies and memory cells in the blood stream due to secondary response where memory cells can divide by mitosis making plasma cells(antibodies) specific to antigen on pathogen when re encounter with pathogen
Why don’t vaccine eliminate all diseases
-antigen variability (antigen change amino acids composition in their antigen on their S.A so it is hard for immune system to recognise the pathogen it has encountered before)
-many different strain the pathogen will have which immune system can’t fight all
What are ethical issues with vaccines?
-tested on animals(animal cruelty)
-some religious belief inhibits people from getting the vaccines
-fears of side effects - but are protected by herd immunity.
-new disease come about there will a a hard decision to see who would be the 1st to receive it
Can you get a disease from a vaccine?
No but there is a primary response which have symptoms like runny nose and swelling and mild fever this when the immune system detects pathogens and find multiple ways to get rid of it.
B lymphocytes before stimulation have low numbers of Golgi and after stimulation there are a lot of Golgi apparatus,explain why?
Golgi apparatus function is to process and packages protein
-after stimulation there will be a high number of Golgi as they will package the antibodies(quarterly protein structures) into vesicles which fuse with the cells membrane of B cells and release them into bodily fluids like blood to find their specific antigen to bind with.
