1-immune Response

Question 1

What is an immune system?

Answer 1

The body’s defence mechanism designed to protect against harmful pathogens like viruses,Bacteria,fungi,parasites,worms,Protozoa

So the organs work together to eliminate potential harmful invaders.

Question 2

What type response does white blood cell have?

Answer 2

Specific-lymphocytes
Non-specific-phagocytes

Question 3

What are phagocytes?and where are they found?

Answer 3

-Is a macrophage ,They are a type of wbc that carries out phagocytosis.
-Floating in blood or within your tissues.

Question 4

How do phagocytes respond?

Answer 4

Phagocytosis is a non-specific response any non-self cell (pathogen)that is detected will trigger the same response to destroy it.

Question 5

Explain the steps of phagocytosis?

Answer 5

1-phagocytoses in blood and any chemical or debris released by pathogen or abnormal cells can attract and it will move towards cell.
2-there are binding point(receptors) in surface of phagocytes and they will attach to chemical or antigen on surface area in pathogen.
3-the phagocytes change shape to engulf pathogen.
4-once pathogen engulfed the structure becomes phagosome (has pathogen and formed within the phagocyte)
5-lysosomes is present inside structure so the enzymes which is a lytic enzyme which hydrolyses pathogen,(protease,nucleases) break down foreign particle into smaller components (intercellular digestion)
6-exocytosis is the process which waste product are eliminated
Or antigen remain on the surface of the phagocyte to alert other immune cells for a more targeted or specific immune response.

Question 6

What are lymphocytes?

Answer 6

White blood cells involved in specific immune response called T cells which are produced in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus gland, which is why they are called “T cells.”

Question 7

Give 2 ways in which pathogens can infect body cells they infect.

Answer 7

Bacteria-reproduce toxins

Viruses-replicate so much in cell that the cell is haemolysed.

Question 8

Why are antibodies describe as specific?

Answer 8

They have a specific complementary shape to the antigen on the surface area of pathogen

specificity allows antibodies to distinguish between different types of pathogens, helping the immune system in targeting and neutralising specific threats without affecting the body’s own cells.

Question 9

Give 2 ways in which the antibodies protect against any pathogens.

Answer 9

Antibodies
Phagocytes

Question 10

Explain why when vaccinated with measles you will not suffer from measles in the future

Answer 10

Memory T cells are produced in your body from the vaccination you took

When you’re vaccinated against measles, your immune system is primed to recognize and fight off the measles virus without causing the disease itself. Vaccines typically contain either weakened or inactivated forms of the pathogen.

Question 11

Colds are caused by a virus.You might from more than one cold in a single winter.Explain why

Answer 11

due to the existence of numerous strains of cold-causing viruses. Your immune system might be capable of fighting off one strain of the virus, but it doesn’t necessarily protect against other strains.

Question 12

How many defence mechanisms do we have?

Answer 12

Non- specific
Is an immediate and same response for pathogen
Skin,HCI,tears,saliva,phagocyte

Specific
Is slower and specific to each pathogen
Cell mediated response T-lymphocytes (mature in thymus gland)

Humoral
Response B-lymphocytes (mature in bone marrow)

Question 13

What is the difference between T and B lymphocytes?

Answer 13

The antigen on APC binds to the antibodies on the surface of lymphocytes and neutralises them
Don’t produce antibodies but have different sub units including T helper cells,cytotoxic T cells,regulatory T cells

B produce antibodies and send antibodies to the antigen to neutralise them

Question 14

What is an antigen?

Answer 14

A part of an organism or substance that’s recognised as non-self by immune system(antibodies) stimulates an immune response,normally made up of protein.

Question 15

What happens when a cut happens to the skin?

Answer 15

Homeostasis
Due to histamine there is an increase of blood flow and since it is open the blood travels there and wbc do their job, and platelets begin to clot, stemming the bleeding.

Inflammation:
The body responds by sending immune cells to the site of the wound to fight infection and remove debris. This causes redness, swelling, and heat in the area.

Proliferation:
New tissue begins to form, and specialized cells like fibroblasts generate collagen to rebuild the damaged tissue. New blood vessels start to grow to support healing.

Question 16

What happens when an organ it is transplanted and the body sees it as foreign what should the doctors do?

Answer 16

recipient’s body identifies it as foreign, the immune system may mount an immune response against the transplanted organ, leading to rejection. This is known as organ rejection.

Immunosuppressive Medication: These drugs are prescribed to suppress the recipient’s immune system, reducing its response against the transplanted organ.

Question 17

What are memory cells?

Answer 17

Cells which replicate themselves when exposed to an invading pathogen and remain in the lymph nodes(small lumps of tissue containing wbc)

For decades searching for same antigen resulting in a much faster immune response

Question 18

Avian bird flu is caused by one of many strains of the influenza virus
Although it is adapted primarily to infect birds the N5N1Strain affect other species
Affecting lungs and can cause the immune system to go into overdrive
Results in the overproduction of T cells

Explain how the lung structure infected with H5N1 may sometimes die from suffocation

Answer 18

making it difficult for infected individuals to breathe

H5N1 virus often causes severe damage to the alveoli in the lungs responsible for oxygen exchange. As the virus replicates, it impairs the function of these alveoli, leading to inflammation and fluid buildup.

Question 19

2-suggest a reason why any spread of bird flu across the world is likely to be rapid

Answer 19

It is a virus can be taken by contact by touch caught or droplets from sneezing
Birds can fly in minutes to different country