Exam Prep Flashcards
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Define Anatomy
Understanding the structure and organization of body systems, organs, tissues, cavities, joints, bones, blood vessels, and nerves.
Define physiology
Branch of biology that studies how all living organisms, including humans, operate. (Bodies functions: breathing or digesting food.)
Define Kinesiology
The scientific study of human movement
What are the three planes of motion?
Transverse, Frontal, and Sagittal
Define a Transverse plane.
Horizontal, divides upper and lower
(twisting)
Define a Frontal plane.
Divides front and back
(abduction)
Define a Sagittal plane.
Divides left and right
(walking/running)
What are the three axes of rotation?
longitudinal, lateral and vertical
Types of movement in joints:
- ball-and-socket
- hinge joints
- pivot joints
- gliding joints
Functions of the Skeletal System
- body support
- movement
- protection of internal organs
- storage of minerals and fat
- makes blood cells
Axial vs. Appendicular Skeleton
Axial = bones in your head, neck, back and chest
Appendicular = everything else
Ligaments vs. Tendons
Ligaments = connect bone to bone
Tendons = connect muscle to bone
Six Types of Synovial Joints
Pivot, hinge, saddle, plane, condyloid, and ball-and-socket joints.
Common Joint-Related Injuries
- rotator cuff tear
- dislocation
- separation
- labral tear
- impingement syndrome
- bursitis
- tendinitis
- fracture.
Define rotator cuff tear.
When one or more of the rotator cuff tendons is torn, the tendon becomes partially or completely detached from the head of the humerus.
Inversion vs. Eversion Sprains
Inversion: these sprains occur when the ankle bends inwards toward the middle of the body.
Eversion: when the ankle is bent outwards away from the body
Three Types Of Muscle Tissue
Cardiac, Smooth, and Skeletal
How are Muscles Named?
Location
Action
Direction of fibres
Shape
Number of origins
Origin location
Relative size
Agonist vs. Antagonist
Agonist = responsible for movement
Antagonist = counteracts actions from agonist (lengthens when agonist contracts)
Origin vs. Insertion
Origin = attaches to the bones which are more “stationary” (axial skeleton)
Insertion = Attaches to the bone that is moved most
Parts of the Muscle
Made up of groups of muscle fibers called fascicles surrounded by a connective tissue layer called perimysium
All or None Principle
The muscle or nerve responds completely or not at all.
Sliding Filament Theory
The thin actin filaments slide between the thick myosin filaments – the filaments do not contract themselves so they stay the same length. This causes the sarcomeres to shorten in length, in turn shortening the muscle fibres and causing contraction.
The Reflex Arc
- Involuntary, instant response to a stimulus.
- stimulus receptor
- Sensory neuron (afferent)
- Interneuron (efferent)
- Motor neuron
- Effector organ (effector)
Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Systems
AEROBIC - fueled by oxygen
ANAEROBIC - fueled by energy stored in muscles
The 3 Metabolic Pathways
ATP-PC
Glycolysis
Cellular Respiration
ATP-PC
10-15 seconds (sprinting, jumping, weightlifting)
Glycolysis
15 seconds - 3 minutes (200-800 meter runs or a shift in hockey)
Cellular Respiration
120 seconds and beyond (marathons)
Pyruvate and Lactic Acid
Pyruvic acid = supplies energy to living cells through the Kerbs cycle
Lactic acid = A chemical your body produces when your cells break down carbohydrates for energy.
Slow Twitch vs. Fast Twitch Muscle Fibres
SLOW TWITCH
- red
- generate tension slowly
- longer
FAST TWITCH
- pale
- Tense and relax quickly
- Low endurance
4 Layers of the Heart Muscle
The sac surrounding the heart (pericardium) Allows the heart to expand and contract.
- Outer layer (epicardium)
- Muscle tissue (myocardium)
- The final layer of tissue inside the heart (endocardium)
The function of the Atria and Ventricles
Ventricles = pump blood out of the heart and into either systemic or pulmonary circulation.
Atria = receives blood returning to the heart from other areas of the body.
Parts of the Vascular System
The heart, blood and blood vessels
Cardiac Output
the product of heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV)
Heart Rate
The number of times your heart beats per minute.
Normal resting heart rate = 60 to 100 beats per minute.
Stroke Volume
The volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart during each systolic cardiac contraction.
Blood pressure
The pressure of blood pushing against the walls of your arteries.
Systolic vs. Diastolic
SYSTOLIC VS. DIASTOLIC PRESSURE
(Both are types of blood pressure)
Systolic Pressure =measures the pressure in your arteries when your heart beats.
Diastolic Pressure = measures the pressure in your arteries when your heart rests between beats.
Conductive Zone vs. Respiratory Zone
Conducting zones = (nose to bronchioles) form a path for the conduction of the inhaled gases
Respiratory zone = (alveolar duct to alveoli) where the gas exchange occurs.
Role of the epiglottis?
Allows air to pass into the larynx and lungs
How are O2 and CO2 moved around the body?
O2 = dissolved in the blood and chemically combined to hemoglobin.
CO2 = is carried physically dissolved in the blood and chemically combined with blood proteins.
What is an Oxygen Deficit?
It occurs when the body needs more oxygen than is immediately available to produce energy.
Define RICE
Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation
What’s the difference between 1st, 2nd, and 3rd degree sprains
1st - damage to fibres/stretching
2nd - partial tearing of ligament
3rd - complete tear of ligament
3 types of muscle contraction
- Concentric
- Isometric
- Eccentric
Cellular respiration involves what energy pathways?
- Glycolysis
- Kreb’s cycle
- Electron Transport Chain
Afferent vs Efferent
Afferent = Carries info from sensory receptors to the central nervous system.
Efferent = Carries motor info away from the central nervous system.
Dislocation versus separation
BOTH ARE SHOULDER INJURIES Dislocation - when arm bone loses contact with shoulder blade
Separation - occurs between the shoulder blade to the collar bone
Labrum vs meniscus
Lambrum - shoulder/hip
Meniscus - knee
Acl vs mcl
Acl - anterior cruciate ligament located on legs frontal part of body
Mcl - medial collateral ligament located on the inside of the leg pointing inwards towards the body (bigger than ACL)
